A ‘Knowledge Trading Game’ for collaborative design learning in an architectural design studio
- 212 Downloads
- 3 Citations
Abstract
Knowledge-sharing and resource exchange are the key to the success of collaborative design learning. In an architectural design studio, design knowledge entails learning efforts that need to accumulate and recombine dispersed and complementary pieces of knowledge. In this research, firstly, ‘Knowledge Trading Game’ is proposed to be a way for promoting students’ design knowledge exchange, dissemination and refinement. Twelve students are randomly chosen as experimental participants. And secondly, ‘virtual value’ is used for students to trade their design knowledge. In this game, students buy others’ design knowledge to extend their design problem space; students decrease their design solution space through their sold design knowledge. Finally, ‘protocol analysis’ is adapted as the research methodology to examine the results of implementation. A positive outcome is identified that Knowledge Trading Game encourages collaborative design learning.
Keywords
Knowledge-sharing Collaborative design learning Design knowledge market Knowledge Trading Game Protocol analysisNotes
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to appreciate the efforts put forth by anonymous reviewers and Dr. Tzyy-Liang Hsieh for his helpful suggestions.
References
- Achten, H. H. (2002). Requirements for collaborative design in architecture. In Timmermans, H. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning Conference (pp. 1–13). Avegoor, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
- Arrow, K. J. (1962). Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In Nelson, R. R. (Ed.), Universities-National Bureau of Economic Research Conference. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton University Press: Princeton.Google Scholar
- Artman, H., Ramberg, R., Sundholm, H., & Cerratto-Pargman, T. (2005). Action context and target context representations: A case study on collaborative design learning. In T. Koschman, D. Suthers, & T. W. Chan (Eds.), Computer supported collaborative learning 2005: The next 10 years! Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
- Béguin, P. (2003). Design as a mutual learning process between users and designers. Interacting with Computers, 15(5), 709–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A. & Novembri, G. (2001). Knowledge-based system to support architectural design—Intelligent objects, project net-constraints, collaborative work. Proceedings of the 19th eCAADe Conference (pp. 80-85). Architectural Information Management, Helsinki.Google Scholar
- Craig, D. L., & Zimring, C. (2000). Supporting collaborative design groups as design communities. Design Studies, 21(2), 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cross, N., & Cross, A. C. (1995). Observations of teamwork and social processes in design. Design Studies, 16, 143–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Daly, H. E. (2007). Ecological economics and sustainable development: Selected essays of Herman Daly. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
- Davenport, T., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
- Dignum, V., & Dignum, F. (2003). Knowledge market: Agent-mediated knowledge sharing. CEEMAS, 16, 8–179.Google Scholar
- Eschenfelder, K., Heckman, R., & Sawyer, S. (1998). The distribution of computing: The knowledge markets of distributed technical support specialists. Information Technology & People, 11(2), 84–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gero, J. S., & Tang, H.-H. (1999). Concurrent and retrospective protocols and computer aided architectural design. In G. Jingwen & W. Zhaoji (Eds.), CAADRIA’99 (pp. 403–410). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House.Google Scholar
- Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 123–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gottschalk, P. (2005). Strategic knowledge management technology. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.Google Scholar
- Habraken, N. J., & Gross, M. D. (1988). Concept design games. Design Studies, 9(3), 150–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ma, Ada. W. W. (2008). Computer supported collaborative learning and social creativity: A case study of fashion design. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations, 3, 17–39.Google Scholar
- Maher, M.L., Gül, L.F. & Bilda, Z. (2006). Studying design behaviour in collaborative virtual environments. In Proceedings of 16th World Congress on Ergonomics (IEA2006 Congress). Maastricht, The Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
- McAffee, R. P., & McMillan, J. (1987). Auctions and bidding. Journal of Economic Literature, 25(2), 699–738.Google Scholar
- McCormick, R. (2004). Collaboration: The challenge of ICT. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 14, 159–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pugatch, M. P. (2006). The intellectual property debate: Perspectives from law, economics political economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
- Rodgers, P. A., Caldwell, N. H. M., Clarkson, P. J., & Huxor, A. P. (2001). The management of concept design knowledge in modern product development organizations. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 14(1), 108–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous technical change. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 71–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, P., Raunio, A.-M., Raami, A., Muukkonen, H., & Hakkarainen, K. (2001). Computer support for collaborative designing. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 11(2), 181–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shannon, S. J., Roberts, I. W., & Woodbury, R. F. (2001). vGallery scaffolding reflection in action for students & teachers. (ASCILITE 2001: Conference on reflection in action: Students, teachers and evaluation. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
- Stempfle, J., & Badke-Schaub, P. (2002). Thinking in design teams–an analysis of team communication. Design Studies, 23, 473–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Suwa, M., & Tversky, B. (1997). What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies, 18(4), 385–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tang, H.-H., & Gero, J. (2000). Content-oriented coding scheme for protocol analysis and computer-aided architectural design. In B.-K. Tang, M. Tan, & Y.-C. Wong (Eds.), CAADRIA2000. Singapore: CASA.Google Scholar
- Wang, C. C. (2004). The influence of ethical and self-interest concerns on knowledge sharing intentions among managers: An empirical study. International Journal of Management, 21(3), 370–381.Google Scholar
- Wasko, M. M., & Faraj, S. (2000). It is what one does: Why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice. Strategic Information Systems, 9, 155–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wojtowicz, J. (Ed.). (1995). Virtual design studio. Hong-Kong: Hong-Kong University Press.Google Scholar