Notes
The data on the Changpa and the TRs are pooled and presented together. However, distinctions are made at some places, e.g., the per capita income from cashmere wool, which would be useful for future comparison.
References
Ahmed, M. (1997). The salt trade: Rupshu’s annual trek to Tsokar. In M. Van Beek, K.B. Bertelsen and P. Pedersen (Eds.) Ladakh: History, Culture and Development between Himalaya and Karakoram. Recent Research on Ladakh 8. Proceedings of the Eight Colloquium on the International Association for Ladakh Studies, Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 32–48.
Ahmed, M. (2002). Living Fabric: Weaving Among the Nomads of Ladakh Himalaya, Orchid Press, Bangkok.
Ahmed, M. (2004). The Politics of Pashmina: The Changpas of Eastern Ladakh. Nomadic Peoples 8: 89–106.
Anonymous (2002). Annual Report of Sheep Husbandry Department, 2001–02. Sheep Husbandry Department, Leh, Ladakh.
Bagchi, S., Namgail, T., and Ritchie, M. E. (2006). Small Mammalian Herbivores as Mediators of Plant Community Dynamics in the High-altitude Arid Rangelands of Trans-Himalayas. Biological Conservation 127: 438–442.
Balaram, G. (2006). Winds of Change. The Hindu, Sunday Magazine, 26 March.
Bhatnagar, Y. V., and Wangchuk, R. (2001). Status Survey of Large Mammals in Eastern Ladakh & Nubra. In Anon. 2001, Conservation Biodiversity in the Trans-Himalaya: New Initiatives for Field Conservation in Ladakh, First Annual Technical Report (1999–2000). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India.
Bhatnagar, Y. V., Wangchuk, R., and Mishra, C. (2006a). Decline of the Tibetan Gazelle in Ladakh, India. Oryx 40: 1–4.
Bhatnagar, Y. V., Wangchuk, R., Prins, H. H. T., Van Wieren, S. E., and Mishra, C. (2006b). Perceived Conflicts Between Pastoralism and Conservation of the Kiang Equus kiang in the Ladakh Trans-Himalaya, India. Environmental Management (in press)
Blench, R. (2004). Pastoralism in the New Millennium. FAO, Rome.
Chaudhuri, A. (2000). Change in Changthang: To Stay or to Leave? Economic and Political Weekly, Jan. 8, 52–58.
Dyson-Hudson, R., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (1980). Nomadic Pastoralism. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 15–61.
Fox, J. L., Mathiesen, P., Yangzom, D., Naess, W. M., and Binrong, X. (2004). Modern Wildlife Conservation Initiatives and the Pastoralist/Hunter Nomads of Northwestern Tibet. Rangifer, Special Issue 15: 17-27.
Goldstein, M., and Beall, C. (1990). Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Goodall, S. K. (2003). Rural-to-urban Migration and Urbanisation in Leh, Ladakh: A Case of Three Nomadic Pastoral Communities. Mountain Research and Development 24: 218–225.
Goodall, S. K. (2004). Changpa Nomadic Pastoralists: Differing Responses to Change in Ladakh, North-West India. Nomadic Peoples, Vol. 8, Issue 2.
Hagalia, W. (2004). Changing rangeland use by the nomads of Samad in the highlands of eastern Ladakh, India. MS Dissertation, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway.
Homewood, K., and Rodgers, W. A. (1987). Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. In Anderson, D., and Grove, R. (eds.), Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Jina, P. S. (1995). High Pasturelands of Ladakh Himalaya, Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Jina, P. S. (1999). The Chang Pa of the Ladakh Himalayas: Some Observations on Their Economy and Environment. Nomadic Peoples 3(1): 94–105.
Manderscheid, A. (2001). Decline and Re-emergence of Nomadism: Tibetan Pastoralists Revive a Nomadic Way of Life and Production. GeoJournal 53: 173–182.
Miller, D. J. (1995). Herds on the Move: Winds of Change Among the Pastoralists in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan Plateau, ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Mishra, C., Prins, H. H. T., and Van Wieren, S. E. (2001). Overstocking in the Trans-Himalayan Rangelands of India. Environmental Conservation 23: 279–283.
Mishra, C., Prins, H. H. T., and Van Wieren, S. E. (2003). Diversity, Risk Mediation, and Change in a Trans-Himalayan Agropastoral System. Human Ecology 31: 595–609.
Misra, R. K., Singh, B., and Jain, V. K. (1998). Breed Characteristics of Changthangi Pashmina Goat. Small Ruminant Research 27: 97–102.
Namgail, T., Bagchi, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., and Wangchuk, R. (2005). Occurrence of the Tibetan sand fox Vulpes ferrilata Hodgson in Ladakh: A new record for the Indian sub-Continent. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 102: 217–219.
Namgail, T., Bhatnagar, Y. V., and Fox, J. L. (2006a). Pastoral Production and Wildlife Conservation in a Trans-Himalayan Wildlife Reserve in Ladakh. In Issues of Pastoralism in the Himalayan Region. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (in press).
Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2006b) Habitat Shift and Time Budget of the Tibetan Argali: The Influence of Livestock Grazing. Ecological Research, DOI 10.1007/s11284-006-0015-y.
Prins, H. H. T. (1992). The Pastoral Road to Extinction: Competition Between Wildlife and Traditional Pastoralism in East Africa. Environmental Conservation 19: 117–123.
Rawat, G. S., and Adhikari, B. S. (2005). Floristics and Distribution of Plant Communities Across Moisture and Topographic Gradients in Tso Kar Basin, Changthang Plateau, Eastern Ladakh. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37: 539–544.
Richard, C. (1999). Rangelands and livestock as a niche opportunity for Ladakh. In Development Strategies for Agriculture and Related Sectors in Ladakh. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Rizvi, J. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia, 1st edn 1983, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Rizvi, J. (1999). Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Rösing, I. (2006). Traditional Healing in Ladakh : Shamanic Trance and Amnesia, with the Shamans of the Changpa in Ladakhi Changthang, Concept Publishing Company, pp. 327.
Saberwal, A. (1996). Changpas, the Nomads of Rupshu: A Case Study of Ecology, Economy and Exchange. M.Phil. Thesis, Delhi University, New Delhi.
Tulachan, P. M. (2001). Mountain Agriculture in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya: A Regional Comparative Analysis. Mountain Research and Development 21: 260–267.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Whitley Fund for Nature, and the Ford Foundation for supporting our studies. We are also grateful to C.M. Seth, Jigmet Takpa and Salim Ul-Haq of the Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir for facilitating the study in the Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary. We thank M.P. Singh, Dorjey Angchuk, Tsewang Dorjey and all other staff at the Indian Astrophysics Observatory, Hanle, for their help and support. We also thank our field assistants, Tsetan Paljor and Sonam Wangdus, and acknowledge the help and cooperation of the people of Hanle during the interviews.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Namgail, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., Mishra, C. et al. Pastoral Nomads of the Indian Changthang: Production System, Landuse and Socioeconomic Changes. Hum Ecol 35, 497–504 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9107-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9107-0