Abstract
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey have been linked to the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medicaid Enrollment and Claims Files for the survey years 1999–2004. The linked data are produced by the National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS) Data Linkage Program and are available in the NCHS Research Data Center. This project compares the usefulness of multiple imputation to account for data linkage ineligibility and other survey nonresponse with currently recommended weight adjustment procedures. Estimated differences in environmental smoke exposure across Medicaid/Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) enrollment status among children ages 3–15 years are examined as a motivating example. Comparisons are drawn across the three different estimates: one that uses MI to impute the administrative Medicaid/CHIP status of those who are ineligible for linkage, a second that uses the linked data restricted to linkage eligible participants with a basic weight adjustment, and a third that uses self-reported Medicaid/CHIP status from the survey data. The results indicate that estimates from the multiple imputation analysis were comparable to those found when using weight adjustment procedures and had the added benefit of incorporating all survey participants (linkage eligible and linkage ineligible) into the analysis. We conclude that both multiple imputation and weight adjustment procedures can effectively account for survey participants who are ineligible for linkage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benowitz, N.L.: Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. John Hopkins Univ. Sch. Hyg. Public Health Epidemiol. Rev. 18(2), 188–203 (1996)
Bohensky, M.A., Jodlley, D., Sundararajan, V., Evans, S., Pilcher, D.V., Scott, I., Brand, C.A.: Data linkage: a powerful research tool with potential problems. BMC Health Serv. Res. 10(1), 346 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-346
Call, K.T., Davidson, G., Davern, M., Nyman, R.: Medicaid undercount and bias to estimates of uninsurance: new estimates and existing evidence. Health Serv. Res. 43(3), 901–914 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00808.x
Carter, K., Shaw, C., Hayward, M., Blakely, T.: Understanding the determinants of consent for linkage of administrative health data with a longitudinal survey. Kòtuitui N. Z. J. Soc. Sci. Online 5(2), 53–60 (2010)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Laboratory Procedure Manual, Cotinine, Serum, ID HPLC-APCI MS/MS. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Data/Nhanes/2003-2004/LabMethods/l06_c_met_cotinine.pdf (2004). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Chambers, C., Sung, H., Max, W.: Home exposure to secondhand smoke among people living in multiunit housing and single family housing: a study of California adults, 2003–2012. J. Urban Health Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 92(2), 279–290 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9919-y
Collins, L.M., Schafer, J.L., Kam, C.: A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychol. Methods 6(4), 330–351 (2001)
Curtin, L.R., Mohadjer, L.K., Dohrmann, S.M., Montaquila, J.M., Kruszon-Moran, D., Mirel, L.B., Carroll, M.D., Hirsch, R., Schober, S., Johnson, C.L.: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 1999–2006. Vital Health Stat. 2 (155) (2012)
Davern, M.: Research Project to Understand the Medicaid Undercount: The University of Minnesota’s State Health Access Data Assistance Center, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, and the U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/did/www/snacc/docs/SNACC_Phase_I_Full_Report.pdf (2007). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Davern, M., Klerman, J.A., Baugh, D.K., Call, K.T., Greenberg, G.D.: An examination of the medicaid undercount in the current population survey: preliminary results from record linking. Health Serv. Res. 44(23), 965–987 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2008.00941.x
DeCarlo, P.F., Avery, A.M., Waring, M.S.: Thirdhand smoke uptake to aerosol particles in the indoor environment. Sci. Adv. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap8368
Dubay, L.C., Kenney, G.M.: The effects of Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage of children. Future Child. 6(1), 152–161 (1996). https://doi.org/10.2307/1602499
Environmental Protection Agency: America’s Children and the Environment, Biomonitoring: Cotinine. https://www.epa.gov/ace/ace-biomonitoring-cotinine (2016). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics: America’s Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well Being, 2016. https://www.childstats.gov/pdf/ac2016/ac_16.pdf (2016). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Golden, C., Driscoll, A.K., Simon, A.E., Judson, D.H., Miller, E.A., Parker, J.D.: Linkage of NCHS population health surveys to administrative records from Social Security Administration and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Vital Health Stat. 1 (58), 8–10, 14–20 (2015)
Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation: State Health Facts. http://kff.org/state-category/medicaid-chip/. Accessed 17 May 2018
Judson, D.H., Parker, J.D., Larsen, M.D.: Adjusting sample weights for linkage-eligibility using SUDAAN. National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/adjusting_sample_weights_for_linkage_eligibility_using_sudaan.pdf (2013). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Kaufmann, R.B., Babb, S., O’Halloran, A., Asman, K., Bishop, E., Tynan, M., Caraballo, R.S., Pechacek, T.F., Bernert, J.T., Blount, B.: Vital signs: nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke—United States, 1999–2008. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 59(35), 1141–1146 (2010)
Kincheloe, J., Frates, J., Brown, E.R.: Determinants of children’s participation in California’s Medicaid and SCHIP programs. Health Serv. Res. 42(2), 847–866 (2007)
King, B.A., Travers, M.J., Cummings, K.M., Mahoney, M.C., Hyland, A.J.: Secondhand smoker transfer in multiunit housing. Nicotine Tob. Res. 12(11), 1133–1141 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq162
King, B.A., Babb, S.D., Tynan, M.A., Gerzoff, R.B.: National and state estimates of secondhand smoke infiltration among US multiunit housing residents. Nicotine Tob. Res. 15(7), 1316–1321 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts254
Kit, B.K., Simon, A.E., Brody, D.J., Akinbami, L.J.: US prevalence and trends in tobacco smoke exposure among children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatrics 131(3), 407–414 (2013)
Klerman, J., Plotzke, M.R., Davern, M.: CHIP reporting in the CPS. Medicare Medicaid Res. Rev. (2012). https://doi.org/10.5600/mmrr.002.03.b01
Little, R.J.A., Rubin, D.B.: Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York (2002)
Matt, G.E., Quintana, P.J., Hovell, M.F., Chatfield, D., Ma, D.S., Romero, R., Uribe, A.: Residual tobacco smoke pollution in used cars for sale: air, dust, and surfaces. Nicotine Tob. Res. 10(9), 1467–1475 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802279898
Matt, G.E., Quintana, P.J., Destaillats, H., Gundel, L.A., Sleiman, M., Singer, B.C., Peyton, J., Benowitz, N., Winickoff, J.P., Rehan, V., Talbot, P., Schick, S., Samet, J., Wang, Y., Hang, B., Martins-Green, M., Pankow, J.F., Hovell, M.F.: Thirdhand tobacco smoke: emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ. Health Perspect. 119(9), 1226–2018 (2011a)
Matt, G.E., Quintana, P.J.E., Zakarian, J.M., Fortmann, A.L., Chatfield, D.A., Hoh, E., Uribe, A.M., Melbourne, F.H., et al.: When smokers move out and nonsmokers move in: residential third hand smoke pollution and exposure. Tob. Control 20, e1 (2011b). https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.037382
Medicaid.gov.: Keeping America Healthy. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/eligibility/index.html. Accessed 17 May 2018
Mirel, L.B., Simon, A.E., Golden, C., Duran, C.R., Schoendorf, K.C.: Concordance between survey report of Medicaid enrollment and linked Medicaid administrative records in two national studies. Natl. Health Stat. Rep. 72, 1–9 (2014)
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators: Environmental Quality. https://www.healthypeople.gov/sites/default/files/HP2020_LHI_Environ_Qual.pdf (2014). Accessed 17 May 2018
Orazine, C.I., Arias, W.A., Magee, S.R., King, E.: Non-smoking pregnant woman and their fetuses are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke as a result of living in multiunit housing. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2016.34
Orton, S., Jones, L.L., Cooper, S., Lewis, S., Coleman, T.: Predictors of children’s secondhand smoke exposure at home: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence. PLoS ONE 9(11), e112690 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112690. (Accessed 1 September 2017)
Orzol, S.M., Hula, L., Harrington, M.: Program churning and transfers between Medicaid and CHIP. Acad. Pediat. 15(3s), S56–S63 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.02.006. (Accessed 1 September 2017)
Rebagliato, M.: Validation of self reported smoking. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 56, 163–164 (2002)
Rubin, D.B.: Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. Wiley, New York (1987)
Schenker, N., Raghunathan, T.E., Chiu, P., Makuc, D.M., Zhang, G., Cohen, A.J.: Multiple imputation of missing income data in the national health interview survey. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 101(475), 924–933 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1198/016214505000001375
Schober, S.E., Zhang, C., Brody, D.J., Marano, C.: Disparities in secondhand smoke exposure—United States, 1988—1994 and 1999–2004. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 57(27), 744–747 (2008)
Simon, A.E., Driscoll, A., Gorina, Y., Parker, J.D., Schoendorf, K.C.: A longitudinal view of child enrollment in Medicaid. Pediatrics 132, 656–662 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1544
Spanier, A.J., Beck, A.F., Huang, B., McGrady, M.E., Drotar, D.D., Peake, R.W.A., Kellogg, M.D., Kahn, R.S.: Family hardships and serum cotinine in children with asthma. Pediatrics 135(2), e416–e423 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1748
Spengler, J.D.: Buildings operations and ETS exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 107(Suppl2), 313–317 (1999)
The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured: Medicaid A Primer: Key Information on the Nation’s Health Coverage Program for Low-Income People. Report No. 7332-05. https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/7334-05.pdf (2013). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
Truffer, C.J., Wolfe, C.J., Rennie, K.E.: 2015 Actuarial Report on the Financial Outlook for Medicaid. Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, United States Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/financing-and-reimbursement/downloads/medicaid-actuarial-report-2015.pdf (2015). Accessed 1 Sept 2017
US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health (2006)
Winickoff, J.P., Gottlieb, J.D., Mello, M.M.: Regulation of smoking in public housing. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 2319–2325 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhle1000941
Zhang, G., Parker, J., Schenker, N.: Multiple imputation for missingness due to nonlinkage and program characteristics: a case study of the National Health Interview Survey linked to medicare claims. J. Surv. Stat. Methodol. 4(3), 319–338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smw002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rammon, J., He, Y. & Parker, J.D. Accounting for study participants who are ineligible for linkage: a multiple imputation approach to analyzing the linked National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Medicaid data. Health Serv Outcomes Res Method 19, 87–105 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-018-0186-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-018-0186-3