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Formal Methods in System Design

, Volume 54, Issue 3, pp 449–478 | Cite as

Almost event-rate independent monitoring

  • David Basin
  • Bhargav Nagaraja Bhatt
  • Srđan KrstićEmail author
  • Dmitriy TraytelEmail author
Article
First Online:

Abstract

A monitoring algorithm is trace-length independent if its space consumption does not depend on the number of events processed. The analysis of many monitoring algorithms has aimed at establishing their trace-length independence. But a monitor’s space consumption can depend on characteristics of the trace other than its size. We put forward the stronger notion of event-rate independence, where a monitor’s space usage does not depend on the event rate, i.e., the number of events in a fixed time unit. This property is critical for monitoring voluminous streams of events with a high arrival rate. We propose a new algorithm for metric temporal logic (MTL) that is almost event-rate independent, where “almost” denotes a logarithmic dependence on the event rate: the algorithm must store the event rate as a number. Afterwards, we investigate more expressive logics. In particular, we extend linear dynamic logic with past operators and metric features. The resulting metric dynamic logic (MDL) offers the quantitative temporal conveniences of MTL while increasing its expressiveness. We show how to modify our MTL algorithm in a modular way, yielding an almost event-rate independent monitor for MDL. Finally, we compare our algorithms with traditional monitoring approaches, providing empirical evidence that almost event-rate independence matters in practice.

Keywords

Runtime verification Monitoring Temporal logic Regular expressions 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant Big Data Monitoring (167162) and by the US Air Force grant Monitoring at Any Cost (FA9550-17-1-0306). The authors are listed alphabetically. Felix Klaedtke showed us an example property not expressible in MTL. Joshua Schneider participated in discussions about simplifying MDL’s syntax. Domenico Bianculli, Jasmin Blanchette, Joshua Schneider, and anonymous reviewers helped us to improve the presentation of this work.

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© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Institute of Information Security, Department of Computer ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland

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