Fish Physiology and Biochemistry

, Volume 44, Issue 1, pp 401–410 | Cite as

Effect of dietary phospholipid levels on growth, lipid metabolism, and antioxidative status of juvenile hybrid snakehead (Channa argus×Channa maculata)

  • Shi-Mei Lin
  • Fa-Jian Li
  • Bundit Yuangsoi
  • Sompong Doolgindachbaporn
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
  • 100 Downloads

Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on growth, lipid metabolism, and antioxidative status of hybrid snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with graded levels of PLs (8.5, 19.3, 30.7, 41.5, and 50.8 g kg−1) were fed to triplicate groups of juveniles (initial body weight 12.6 ± 0.23 g) for 8 weeks. Results showed that dietary PL supplementation significantly improved growth of juveniles. The final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with dietary PLs increasing from 8.5 to 41.5 g kg−1 (P < 0.05). Fish fed with the diet containing 8.5 g kg−1 PLs showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Survival rate (SR) was not affected by dietary PL levels (P > 0.05). Liver lipid contents, serum triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents significantly decreased with the increasing levels of dietary PLs (P < 0.05). However, serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contents and HDL-C/TC and HDL-C/LDL-C value significantly increased with increasing dietary PL levels (P < 0.05). The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-1) activities in the liver significantly increased with incremental dietary PL level (P < 0.05), while the liver malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity significantly reduced (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity among dietary treatments (P > 0.05).These results confirmed that dietary PL supplementation has beneficial effects on growth performance and antioxidant capacity of juvenile hybrid snakehead. Dietary PLs might reduce lipid deposition in the liver of juvenile hybrid snakehead.

Keywords

Phospholipid Snakehead Growth Lipid metabolism Antioxidant ability 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Zhang XX and He J for taking care of the snakehead. Special thanks to Chen WY and Ma HJ for helping with the chemical analysis.

Funding information

This research was supported by funds from Chongqing Ecological Fishery Technology System (2016–2017), China.

References

  1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (2005) Official methods of analysis, 18th edn. GaithersburgGoogle Scholar
  2. Azarm HM, Kenari AA, Hedayati M (2013) Effect of dietary phospholipid sources and levels on growth performance, enzymes activity, cholecystokinin and lipoprotein fractions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Aquac Res 44(4):634–644.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03068.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37(8):911–917.  https://doi.org/10.1139/y59-099 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Bradford MM (1976) A refined and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye-binding. Anal Biochem 72(1-2):248–254.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Buang Y, Wang YM, Cha JY, Nagao K, Yanagita T (2005) Dietary phosphatidylcholine alleviates fatty liver induced by orotic acid. Nutrition 21(7):867–873.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.11.019 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Cai ZN, Feng SH, Yang XJ, Mai KS, Ai QH (2016) Effects of dietary phospholipid on lipase activity, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in large yellow croaker larvae (Larimichthys crocea). Comp Biochem Physiol Part B 201:46–52.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.06.007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Taylor JF, Martinez-Rubio L, Tocher DR (2015) Molecular mechanism of dietary phospholipid requirement of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fry. Biochim Biophys Acta 1851(11):1428–1441.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.006 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Chen YP, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhao J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L (2015) Exogenous phospholipids supplementation improves growth and modulates immune response and physical barrier referring to NF-kB, TOR, MLCK and Nrf2 signaling factors in the intestine of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish Shellfish Immunol 47(1):46–62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.024 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Coutteau P, Gem-den I, Camara MR, Bergot P, Sorgeloos P (1997) Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture. Aquaculture 155(1-4):149–164.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00125-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. D’Abramo L, Bordner C, Conklin D (1982) Relationship between dietary phosphatidylcholine and serum cholesterol in the lobster Homarus sp. Mar Biol 67(2):231–235.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401289 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Daprà F, Geurden I, Corraze G, Bazin D, Zambonino-Infante JL, Fontagné-Dicharry S (2011) Physiological and molecular responses to dietary phospholipids vary between fry and early juvenile stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 319(3):377–384.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.07.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. De Santis C, Taylor JF, Martinez-Rubio L, Boltana S, Tocher DR (2015) Influence of development and dietary phospholipid content and composition on intestinal transcriptome of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). PLoS One 10(10):e0140964.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140964 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Feng SH, Cai ZN, Zuo RT, Mai KS, Ai QH (2017) Effects of dietary phospholipids on growth performance and expression of key genes involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism in larval and juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Aquaculture 469:59–66.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.12.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Fjelldal PG, Hansen T, Albrektsen S (2012) Inadequate phosphorus nutrition in juvenile Atlantic salmon has a negative effect on long-term bone health. Aquaculture 334:117–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Fontagne´-Dicharry S, Lataillade E, Surget A, Larroquet L, Cluzeaud M, Kaushik S (2014) Antioxidant defense system is altered by dietary oxidized lipid in first-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 424:220–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Gao J, Koshio S, Wang WM, Li Y, Huang SQ, Cao XJ (2014) Effects of dietary phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition and antioxidant response of dojo loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus larvae. Aquaculture 426-427:304–309.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.02.022 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Geurden I, Marion D, Charlon N, Coutteau P, Bergot P (1998) Comparison of different soybean phospholipidic fractions as dietary supplements for common carp, Cyprinus carpio, larvae. Aquaculture 161(1-4):225–235.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00272-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Gong H, Lawrence AL, Jiang DH, Castille FL, Gatlin DM III (2000) Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Dietary cholesterol and de-oiled soy lecithin requirements and their interaction. Aquaculture 190:305–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Hu Y, Tan B, Mai K, Ai QH, Zhang L, Zheng S (2011) Effects of dietary menhaden oil, soybean oil and soybean lecithin oil at different ratios on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Int 19(3):459–473.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-010-9361-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Li BQ, Deng YJ, Suo XB (2005) Determinating contents of phospholipids in liposomal gel with molybdenum blue method. Chin J Pharm 3:306–310 (In Chinese)Google Scholar
  21. Li XY, Wang JT, Han T, Hu SX, Jiang YD, Wang CL (2014) Effect of dietary phospholipids levels and sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition of the juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Aquaculture 430:166–172.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.037 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Li Y, Gao J, Huang SQ (2015) Effects of different dietary phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition, PPAR gene expressions and antioxidant responses of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala fingerlings. Fish Physiol Biochem 41(2):423–436.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9994-8 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Li XY, Wang JT, Han T, Hu SX, Jiang YD, Wang CL (2016) Effects of phospholipid addition to diets with different inclusion levels of fish oil on growth and fatty acid body composition of juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Aquac Res 47(4):1112–1124.  https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12567 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Liu X, Xue Y, Liu C, Lou Q, Wang J, Yanagita T, Xue C, Wang Y (2013) Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipid ameliorates insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diet-induced-obese mice. Lipids Health Dis 12(1):109.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-12-109 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  25. Lushchak VI, Bagnyukova TV (2006) Effects of different environmental oxygen levels on free radical processes in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol 144B:283–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Niu J, Liu YJ, Tian LX, Mai KS, Yang HJ, Ye CX, Zhu Y (2008) Effects of dietary phospholipid level in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) larvae: growth, survival, plasma lipids and enzymes of lipid metabolism. Fish Physiol Biochem 34(1):9–17.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9140-y CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Rinchard J, Czesny S, Dabrowski K (2007) Influence of lipid class and fatty acid deficiency on survival, growth, and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture 264(1-4):363–371.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.024 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Rossmeisl M, Medrikova D, Van Schothorst EM, Pavlisova J, Kuda O, Hensler M, Hensler M, Bardova K, Flachs P, Stankova B, Vecka M, Tvrzicka E, Zak A, Keijer J, Kopecky J (2014) Omega-3 phospholipids from fish suppress hepatic steatosis by integrated inhibition of biosynthetic pathways in dietary obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1841(2):267–278.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.010 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Roy LA, Davis DA, Saoud IP (2006) Effects of lecithin and cholesterol supplementation to practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters. Aquaculture 257(1-4):446–452.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.059 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Sánchez DR, Fox JM, Gatlin D III, Lawrence AL (2014) Dietary effect of fish oil and soybean lecithin on growth and survival of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence or absence of phytoplankton in an indoor system. Aquac Res 45(8):1367–1379.  https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12083 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Sink TD, Lochmann RT (2014) The effects of soybean lecithin supplementation to a practical diet formulation on juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: growth, survival, hematology, innate immune activity, and lipid biochemistry. J World Aquacult Soc 45(2):163–172.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12108 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. The State Science and Technology Commission (1988) Regulations for the administration of affairs concerning experimental animals. The State Science and Technology Commission, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
  33. Sugimoto H, Banchio C, Vance DE (2008) Transcriptional regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 47(3):204–220.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2008.01.002 CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Taylor JF, Martinez-Rubio L, del Pozo J, Walton JM, Tinch AE, Migaud H, Tocher DR (2015) Influence of dietary phospholipid on early development and performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 448:262–272.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Tocher DR, Bendiksen EA, Campbell PJ, Bell JG (2008) The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish. Aquaculture 280(1-4):21–34.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.034 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Uyan O, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, Uyan S, Ren TJ, Yokoyama S, Komilus CF, Michael FR (2007) Effects of dietary phosphorus and phospholipid level on growth, and phosphorus deficiency signs in juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 267(1-4):44–54.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Wu X, Chang G, Cheng YC, Zeng C, Southgate PC, Lu J (2010) Effects of dietary phospholipid and highly unsaturated fatty acid on the gonadal development, tissue proximate composition, lipid class and fatty acid composition of precocious Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Aquac Nutr 16(1):25–36.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00637.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Yao ZM, Vance DE (1988) The active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine is required for very low density lipoprotein secretion from rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 263(6):2998–3004PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Zhao J, Ai Q, Mai K, Zuo R, Luo Y (2013) Effects of dietary phospholipids on survival, growth, digestive enzymes and stress resistance of large yellow croaker, Larmichthys crocea larvae. Aquaculture 410:122–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Zhao PF, Li FJ, Chen XR, Chen YJ, Lin SM (2016) Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, liver function and serum biochemical indexes of snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata). Aquac Int 24(5):1353–1364.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-9993-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.College of Animal Science and TechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingPeople’s Republic of China
  2. 2.Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Southwest UniversityChongqingPeople’s Republic of China
  3. 3.Department of Fisheries, Faculty of AgricultureKhon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand

Personalised recommendations