Fluxes of nutrients and trace metals across the sediment-water interface controlled by sediment-capping agents: bentonite and sand

  • Junho Han
  • Hee-Myong Ro
  • Kyung Hwa Cho
  • Kyoung-Woong Kim
Article
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Abstract

The effect of bentonite and sand, as natural capping agents, on the fluxes of nutrients and trace metals across the sediment-water interface was studied through sediment incubation, and the ecotoxicological impact was assessed by using Daphnia magna. Bentonite and sand were layered on the sediment at 15, 75, and 225 mg cm−2, and the concentration of cations, nutrients, and trace metals was measured. Sediment incubation showed that bentonite reduced the N flux but increased the P flux as a result of dissolution of non-crystalline P from bentonite, while sand slightly decreased the N fluxes but not the P flux. The concentration of Na increased in the overlying water with increasing application rates of bentonite, while that of Ca decreased. However, regardless of the rate of sand application, concentrations of all cation species remained unchanged. The concentration of As and Cr increased with bentonite application rate but decreased with sand. Both capping materials suppressed fluxes of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn compared to control, and the extent of suppression was different depending on the trace metal species and capping agents used. During sediment incubation, the survival rate of D. magna significantly decreased in bentonite suspension but began to decrease at the end in sand suspension. Sediment capping of mildly polluted sediments by using bentonite and sand lowered the level of nutrients and trace metals. However, unexpected or undesirable side effects, such as influxes of P and As from bentonite to the overlying water and a possibility of toxic impacts to aquatic ecosystems, were observed, suggesting that capping agents with an adequate assessment of their side effects and toxicity should be predetermined for site-specific sediment management strategies.

Keywords

Sediment capping Nutrient Trace metal Bentonite Sand Acute toxicity test 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This research was supported not only by the Basic Science Research Program (NRF-2014R1A1A2059196) and Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program (NRF-2015H1A2A1034068) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, but also by the Brain Korea 21 Plus Program funded by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea.

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Copyright information

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
  2. 2.School of Urban and Environmental EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and TechnologyUlsanRepublic of Korea
  3. 3.Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea

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