Abstract
Ascochyta blight epidemics have been observed in many countries since the early 1900s but studies on an interaction between the amount of inoculum, environmental factors and the spatiotemporal development of Ascochyta blight are rare due to the historic emphasis on developing resistant cultivars and chemical control of the disease. I used generalised linear mixed models to investigate key environmental factors affecting the spatiotemporal development of Ascochyta blight from primary infection foci. Briefly, four replicate plots (20 m × 20 m) of a susceptible chickpea cultivar were planted at two different locations (Billa Billa and Tosari) in Queensland, Australia. Four naturally infested stubble pieces were placed at the centre of each newly emerged chickpea plot 14 days after sowing. The number of infected plants was counted in 1 m2 observation quadrats at the distances of 3, 6 and 9 m in a concentric arrangement. The number of infected plants increased with each assessment date, approaching 100% plant infections at the time of final assessment. The rate of disease progress was significantly faster at Tosari. The rate of disease progress significantly decreased as the distance from the primary infection foci increased. There was a significant positive effect of an optimum temperature, increasing rainfall and omni-directional wind. The influence of wind speed was not significant. The finding that single infection foci were enough to spread disease across whole plots indicate that limited inoculum is not a barrier in the development of an epiphytotic under conducive conditions.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) through the project USQ1903-003-RTX. The application for the Postdoctoral Fellowship was put together by Adam H. Sparks (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development) and Ihsanul Khaliq, which was supported by the national modelling project (Disease epidemiology and management tools for Australian grain growers-DAW1810-007RTX) national leader Jean Galloway and the project DSS leader Art Diggle (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development) along with a valuable feedback on the grant application. I wish to acknowledge Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF) and MCA Agronomy Pty Ltd. staff for the trials planting and maintenance. I wish to thank Adam H. Sparks, Jenny Davidson (South Australian Research and Development Institute), Kevin Moore (NSW Department of Primary Industries) and Joshua Fanning (Agriculture Victoria) for their technical input on the experimental design. I also thank Andriamahery Rasolofoharivelo (University of Southern Queensland) and Andrew Erbacher (Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries) for technical support.
Data availability and code availability
All raw and generated data used in the statistical analyses and data visualisation have been made available as a part of a research compendium for reproducibility and FAIR data policy. Please see the fully reproducible and version-controlled code at https://github.com/IhsanKhaliq/spatiotemporaldynamics. The archived code and data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4563709
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Khaliq, I. Spatiotemporal development of Ascochyta blight in chickpea from primary infection foci: insights from plant, pathogen and the environment interactions to inform an epidemic risk. Eur J Plant Pathol 161, 331–342 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02324-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02324-6