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Interactive effects of CO2 concentrations and Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. infection on defense signalling in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.

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Abstract

Elevated CO2 is known to affect plant’s constitutive defense by bringing about changes in its structure and biochemistry. Recently, it has been seen that not only constitutive defense but also induced defense is altered by elevated concentrations of CO2. Phytohormones such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid play an important role in modulating induced defense of plants. Concentrations of these hormones vary due to elevated CO2 that alter plant-pathogen interactions. While, most of these studies report higher levels of SA, very few have reported increase in JA. These observations have mainly been employed to explain increased susceptibility to herbivory. There are very few reports with reference to fungal pathogens and plant defense signalling under elevated CO2. Keeping this in mind, an experiment was conducted in open top chambers (OTCs) in Department of Botany, University of Delhi to assess the impact of elevated CO2 and pathogen Alternaria brassicae on the levels of JA and SA, their respective signalling pathway and subsequently defense of Brassica juncea plants. Under elevated CO2, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase increased, leading to a concomitant rise in the concentration of total phenols. The constitutive levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) enhanced. When inoculated with Alternaria brassicae, the CO2 concentrations interacted significantly to influence the concentrations of SA and JA; and transcript levels of downstream genes of defense signalling pathways. Under elevated CO2, on pathogen infection the concentration of SA decreased while that of JA increased. Correspondingly the transcript levels of NPR-1, PR1, PR-2, PR-12 and PR-13 were affected.

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Acknowledgements

The research work was sponsored by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), New Delhi, Government of India. Thanks are also extended to Prof. Akshay Pradhan, Department of Genetics, University of Delhi for providing the culture of Alternaria brassicae. Piyush Mathur gratefully acknowledges University Grants Commission for providing research fellowship.

Funding

The research was funded by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India (F.No. 19/70/2008-RE).

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  1. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Piyush Mathur, Ved Pal Singh & Rupam Kapoor

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  1. Piyush Mathur
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Correspondence to Rupam Kapoor.

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Animal studies and human participants

This study is in compliance with ethical standards. The research does not involve human participants and/or animals. PM executed the experiments, collected data, analyzed results, and helped in the preparation of the manuscript. RK and VPS designed the work. RK interpreted the results, wrote the main manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript.

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Mathur, P., Singh, V.P. & Kapoor, R. Interactive effects of CO2 concentrations and Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. infection on defense signalling in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.. Eur J Plant Pathol 151, 413–425 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1382-7

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