Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods and the Calling of an Ontological Epistemology of Participation
- 351 Downloads
- 2 Citations
Abstract
Modern social research, as we know it now, emerged as a part of rise of modern social sciences in the context of transition to modernity. As an enterprise of modernity social research reflected some of the foundational assumptions of modernity. For example, the project of sociology was closely tied to the project of nation-state, embodying in its epistemology methodological nationalism. Social research also proceeded within the bounded logic of disciplines. But all these assumptions of modernity as well as their social manifestations have been subjected to fundamental criticisms and interrogations in the last decades. Both anti-systematic socio-cultural movements and critical discursive movements and new movements of ideas have challenged the modernist paradigms of pathology and normality as well as distinction between ontology and epistemology. In the background of critiques of modernity, social movements and processes of transformations the present essay submits some proposals for a creative and critical social research. It explores ways of moving beyond mere denunciations and critiques and embodying transformational theories and methods which would facilitate creative and critical research. The essay also calls for a new vocation of social research by pleading for a simultaneous engagement in activism and creative understanding, fieldwork and philosophical reflections, ontological self-cultivation and epistemic labour of learning.
Keywords
creative social research multivalued logic ontological sociality ontological epistemology of participationPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- B. Agarwala, Humanities and Social Sciences in the New Millennium: Therorizing in / for Society as Play, in A. K. Giri ed., Creative Social Rethinking Theories and Methods (Lexington Books, 2004), 253–272Google Scholar
- Alversson M., Skoldberg K. (2000) Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research. London: Sage PublicationsGoogle Scholar
- Ankersmith F. R. (2001) The Sublime Dissociation of the Past: Or How to Be (Come) What One is No Longer, History and Theory 40(3), 295–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- F. R. Ankersmith, Aesthetic Politics (Standford University Press, 1996)Google Scholar
- Ankersmith F. R. (2002) Political Representation. Stanford: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Appadurai A. (2000) Grassroots Globalization and Research Imagination, Public Culture 12(1), 1–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Barth F. (2002) Anthropology of Knowledge, Current Anthropology 43(1), 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bauman Z. (2001) The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Beck U. (2000) The Brave New World of Work. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Beck U. (2002) The Cosmopolitan Society and its Enemies. Theory, Culture and Society 19(1–2), 17–44Google Scholar
- Beck U., E. Beck-Gernsheim (1995) The Normal Chaos of Love. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Berlin I. (2001) The Power of Ideas. NY: PimlicoGoogle Scholar
- Bergson H. (1912) Creative Evolution. London: MacmillanGoogle Scholar
- A. Beteille, “Homo Hierarchicus, Home Equalis,” in idem: The Idea of Natural Inequality and Other Essays (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1983)Google Scholar
- Beteille A. (2000) Antinomies of Society. Delhi: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Beteille A. (2002) Sociology: Essays on Approach and Method. Delhi: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Bhaskar R. (2002a) Reflections on Meta-Reality: Transcendence. Everyday Life and Emancipations, New Delhi: Sage PublicationGoogle Scholar
- Bhaskar R. (2002b) Meta-Reality. The Philosophy of meta-Reality, Volume I. A philosophy for the present. Creativity, Love and Freedom. The Bhaskar Series, New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London: Sage PublicationsGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu P. (1990) In Other Words: Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- P. Bourdieu, “Epilogue: On the Possibility of a Field of World Sociology,” in P. Bourdieu and J. S. Coleman, eds., Social Theory for a Changing Society (Westview, Boulder, 1991a), 373–387Google Scholar
- P. Bourdieu, The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger (Tr. Peter Collier) (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991b)Google Scholar
- P. Bourdieu, “The Practice of Reflexive Sociology (Paris Workshop), ” in P. Bourdieu and J.␣D.␣Wacquant, eds., An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar
- Bourdieu P. (2000) Pascalian Meditations. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu P. (2003) Participant Objectivation. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S) 9, 281–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu P., L. J. D. Wacquant (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Carretto J. (ed.) (1999) Religion and Culture by Michel Foucault. Manchester: Manchester University PressGoogle Scholar
- A. Chakraborthy, “The Irrelevance of Methodlogy and the art of the Possible: Reading Sen and Hirschman, “ in A.K. Giri eds., Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods, 169–184Google Scholar
- Clammer J. (1995) Difference and Modernity: Japan and Social Theory. London: Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
- J. Clammer, “Beyond Power: Alternative Conceptions of Being and Reconstitution of Social Theory,” in A. K. Giri, ed., Modern Prince and Modern (Transforming Power and Freedom, Sage, Forthcoming)Google Scholar
- J. Clammer, S. Piorier, and E. Schwimmer (eds.), “Introduction: The Relevance of Ontologies in Anthropology: Reflections on a New Anthropological Field,” in J. Clammer et␣al., eds., Figured Worlds: Ontological Obstacles in Intercultural Relations (Toronto University Press, Toronto, 2004), 3–22Google Scholar
- Cohen A. 1994 Self-Consiousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- Connolly W. (2001) The Ethos of Pluralization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
- Connolly W. (2002) Neuropolitics. Minnesota: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1984) Polis and Praxis: Exercises in Contemporary Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: The MIT PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1987) Critical Encounters: between Philosophy and Politics. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1991) Between Freiburg and Frankfurt: Toward a Critical Ontology. Amherst: University of Massachusetts PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1993) The Other Heidegger. Ithaca: Cornell University PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1996) Beyond Orientalism: Essays on Cross-Cultural Encounter. Albany: SUNY PressGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (1998) Alternative Visions: Pathways in the Global Village. Lanham, MD: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
- F. Dallmayr, Homelessness and Homecoming: Heidegger on the Road (Manuscript, University of Notre Dame, 2001a)Google Scholar
- F. Dallmayr, Resisting Totalizing Uniformity: Marin Heidegger on the Macht and Machenschaft,” in F. Dallmayr, ed., Achieving Our World: Toward a Global and Plural Democracy (Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 2001b)Google Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (2002) Dialouge Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices. New York: PalgraveGoogle Scholar
- Dallmayr, F., Peace Talks—Any Body Listening? (Forthcoming)Google Scholar
- Dallmayr F. (ed.) (1999) Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lanham, MD: Lexington BooksGoogle Scholar
- Das V. 1995 Critical Events: Anthropological Perspectives on Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford U. PressGoogle Scholar
- V. Das, “Whittgenstein and Anthropology,” Annual Review of Anthropology (1999)Google Scholar
- Das V. (2001) Violence and Translation. Anthropological Quarterly 75(1), 105–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- V. Das, “Social Sciences and the Publics,” in V. Das, ed., Introduction to The Oxford Indian Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2003), 1–29Google Scholar
- Elias N. (1991) The Society of Individuals. Cambridge, MA: Basil BlackwellGoogle Scholar
- Faubion J. D. (ed.) (1995) Rethinking the Subject: An Anthology of Contemporary European Social Theory. Boulder, CO: Westview PressGoogle Scholar
- Fine M. (2002) The Mourning After. Qualitative Inquiry 8(2), 137–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Flyvbjerg B. (2001) Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It can Succeed Again. Tr. Steven Sampson, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
- Focault M. 1984a What is Enlightment? In Rabinow P. (ed.) The Foucault Reader. NY: Pantheon BooksGoogle Scholar
- Frietag M. (2001) The Contemporary Social Sciences and the Problem of Normativity. Theses Eleven 65, 1–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fromm E. (1950) Man for Himself. London: Routledge and Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
- Fuchs M. (2004) Articulating the World: Social Movements, the Self-Transcendence of Society and the Question of Culture. In: A. K. Giri (eds) Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods. Lanham, MD: Lexington BooksGoogle Scholar
- D. Gasper, “Anecdotes, Situations, Histories: Varieties and Uses of Cases in Thinking About Ethics and Development Practice,” in P. Q. van Ufford and A. K. Giri, eds., A Moral Critique of Development: in Search of Global Responsibilities (Routledge, London, 2003), 194–220Google Scholar
- Giddens A. (1996) In Defense of Sociology: Essays. Interpretations and Rejoinders. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Gatens M., & G. Lloyd (1999) Collective Imaginings: Spinoza, Past and Present. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- Geertz C. 1973 Interpretation of Cultures. NY: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar
- Geertz C. (2000) Available Light: Philosophical Reflections on Anthropological Topics. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
- A. K. Giri, ‘Creating a Community of Discourse in Sociology in India,” Economic and Political Weekly, August 1993Google Scholar
- A. K. Giri, “Self, Other and the Challenge of Culture,” in idem, Global Transformations: Postmodernity and Beyond (Rawat, Jaipur, 1998)Google Scholar
- Giri A. K. (2002) Conversations and Transformations: Toward a New Ethics of Self and Society. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books and Rowman and LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
- A. K. Giri, “Social Science Research: Call of Home and the World,” Economic and Political Weekly. August 2003Google Scholar
- A. K. Giri, “Knowledge and Human Liberation: Jurgen Habermas. Sri Aurobindo and Beyond,” European Journal of Social Theory (2004)Google Scholar
- Giri A. K. (2004b) Reflections and Mobilizations: Dialogues with Movements and Voluntary Organizations. New Delhi: SageGoogle Scholar
- Gingrich A., R. Fox (eds.) (2002) Anthropology, By Comparison. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- Gorz A. (1999) Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Greco J. (2001) Virtues and Rules in Epistemology. In: Abrol F., L. Zagzebski (eds), Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility (pp. 117–141). Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Gubrium J. F., J. A. Holstein (eds.) (1997) The New Language of Qualitative Method. NY: Oxford U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Habermas J. (1971) Knowledge and Human Interest. Boston: Beacon PressGoogle Scholar
- Habermas J. (1990) Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Hardt M., A. Negri (2000) Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Hardt M., A. Negri (1994) Labor of Dionysus: A Critique of the State-Form. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
- N. Hanrahan, Difference in Time: A Critical Theory of Culture (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000)Google Scholar
- Hawthorn G., 1991 Plausible Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Knorr-Cetina K. (2001) Postsocial Relations: Theorizing Society in a Postsocial Environment. In: G. Ritzer, & B. Smart (eds). Handbook of Social Theory. London: SageGoogle Scholar
- Luhman N. (2001) Notes on the Project ‚Poetry and Social Theory’. Theory, Culture & Society 18(1), 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Inglis F. (2000) Clifford Geertz: Culture, Custom and Ethics. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- T. Ingold, “A Circumpolar Night’s Dream,” in J. Clammer, et␣al., eds., Figured Worlds: Ontological Obstacles in Intercultural Relations (Toronto University Press, Toronto, 2004), 25–57Google Scholar
- Mintz S. W. (2000) Sow’s Ears and Silver Linings: A Backward Look at Ethnography. Current Anthropology 41(2), 169–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- G. Marcus and M. Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique (Chicago, 1986)Google Scholar
- Melucci A. (1996) The Playing Self: Person and Meaning in the Planetary Society. Cambridge: Cambridge U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Mohanty J. N. (2000a) Self and Other: Philosophical Essays. Delhi: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Mohanty J. N. (2000b) Gandhi’s Truth. In: Krishna R. (eds). Fusion of Horizons: Socio-Spiritual Heritage of India. Delhi: Allied PublishersGoogle Scholar
- Mohanty J. N. (2002) Explorations in Philosophy: Western Philosophy. Delhi: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Pani N. (2004) Gandhian Economic Method and the Challenge of Expediency. In: A. K. Giri (eds). Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods. Lanham, MD: Lexington BooksGoogle Scholar
- J. Peacock, “Action Comparison: Efforts Towards A Global and Comparative yet Local and Active Anthropology,” in A. Gingrich and R. Fox, eds., Anthropology, By Comparison. (Routledge, London, 2002), 44–69Google Scholar
- P. V. Pillai, “Hind Swaraj in the Light of Heidegger’s Critique of Modernity,” in H. Swaraj, ed., A Fresh Look (Gandhi Peace Foundation, Delhi, 1985)Google Scholar
- S. Pollock, “Cosmopolitanisms,” Public Culture (2000) 12(3), 577–589Google Scholar
- Quarles van Ufford P., A. K. Giri (eds.) (2003) A Moral Critique of Development: In Search of Global Responsibilities. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- H. G. Ried, and B. Taylor, “Globalization, Democracy and the ‚Aesthetic Ecology of Emergent Publics’ for a Sustainable World: Working From John Dewey,” in A. K. Giri, ed., (2005) “Modern Prince and the Modern Sage: Transforming Power and Freedom”. Asian Journal of Social Theory 33(1) (Forthcoming)Google Scholar
- Rorty R. (1990) Contingency, Irony and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
- Radhakrishnan R. (2003) Theory in an Uneven World. Cambridge, MA: Basil BlackwellGoogle Scholar
- Santos B. de S. (1995) Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- A. Sayer, Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach, 2nd edn. (Routledge, London, 1992 [1984])Google Scholar
- C. Schrag, The Self After Postmodernity (Yale U. Press, 1997)Google Scholar
- A. Shanks, “What is Truth?” in Towards a Theological Poetics (Routledge, London, 2001)Google Scholar
- A. Sen, “History as an Enterprise of Knowledge,” Frontline February 2 (2001) 86–91Google Scholar
- Smith A. 1976. A Theory of Moral Sentiments. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Srinivsan A. (1998) The Subject of Fieldwork: Malinowski and Gandhi. In: Meenakshi T. (eds). Anthropological Journeys: Reflections on Fieldwork. Hyderabad: Orient LongmanGoogle Scholar
- Strathern M. (1991) Partial Connections. Savage, MD: Rowman & LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
- Strathern M. 1994 Partial Connections. Savage, MD: Rowman and LittlefieldGoogle Scholar
- M. Strathern, “Foreword,” in A. Gingrich and R. Fox, eds., Anthropology, By Comparison (Routledge, London, 2002), xi–xviiGoogle Scholar
- Strathern M. (2004) Commons and Borderlands: Working Papers on Interdisciplinarity. Accountability, and the Flow of Knowledge. Oxon, UK: Sean Kingston Publishing HouseGoogle Scholar
- Strathern M. (ed) (2000) Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics, and the Academy. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- van Stavern I. 2001 The Values of Economics: An Aristotelian Perpective. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- R. Sunder Rajan, “Notes Towards a Phenomenology of Historiographies,” Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Jan-April 187–207Google Scholar
- Sunder Rajan R. (1998) Beyond the Crises of European Science: Vol. 1, New Beginnings. Shimla: Institute of Advanced StudiesGoogle Scholar
- Tagore R. (1961) On Art and Aesthetics. Calcutta: Orient LongmanGoogle Scholar
- Tuner B. S. (ed.) (1996) The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory. Oxford: BlackwellGoogle Scholar
- Toulmin S. 2001 Return to Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Touraine A. (1977) Self-Production of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar
- Touraine A. (2000) Can We Live Together? Equality and Difference. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Uberoi J. P. S. 1978 Science and Culture. Delhi: Oxford U. PressGoogle Scholar
- Uberoi J. P. S. 1984 The Other Mind of Europe: Goethe as a Scientist. Delhi: Oxford U.PressGoogle Scholar
- Uberoi J. P. S. (2002) The European Modernity: Truth, Science and Method. New Delhi: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Urry J. (2000) Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
- Vattimo G. (1999) Belief. Cambridge: Polity PressGoogle Scholar
- Van Staveren I. (2004) Caring for Economics. In: A. K. Giri (eds). Creative Social Research: Rethinking Theories and Methods. Lanham, MD: Lexington BooksGoogle Scholar
- Walker R.C. 1998 Contingency. in Craig E. (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge, p 2Google Scholar
- Wallerstein I., et␣al. (1996) Open the Social Sciences. Stanford: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Wallerstein I. (1999) The End of the World as We Know It: Social Science for the Twenty-First Century. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota PressGoogle Scholar
- J. H. Zammito, Kant, Herder, and the Birth of Anthropology, Chicago (2002)Google Scholar