Abstract
This study examines whether social network factors influence individual’s depression and anxiety outcomes at different life stages. Data was drawn from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. Hierarchical regression modelling was applied to examine the effects within and across different life stages. The depression and anxiety measures were taken from the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the social network factors were taken from the self-completion questionnaire. With the exception of social trust in seniors, the social network factors were significant predictors of depression and anxiety. This has practical implications for the design of social policy initiatives.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social integration, social networks, and health. In NJSB Baltes (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 14327–14332). Oxford: Pergamon.
Berry, H., & Rodgers, B. (2003). Trust and distress in three generations of rural Australians. Australasian Psychiatry, 11, S131–S137.
Bonevski, B., Randell, M., Paul, C., et al. (2014). Reaching the hard-to-reach: A systematic review of strategies for improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 42.
Butterworth, P., & Crosier, T. (2004). The validity of the SF-36 in an Australian National Household Survey: Demonstrating the applicability of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to examination of health inequalities. BMC Public Health, 4, 44–55.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., et al. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 17–22.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 25, 453–463.
Castle, E., Eisenberger, N. I., Seeman, T. E., et al. (2012) Neural and behavioral bases of age differences in perceptions of trust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 20848–20852.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676–684.
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., et al. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 419–426.
Cornwell, B., & Laumann, E. O. (2015). The health benefits of network growth: New evidence from a national survey of older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 94–106.
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 31–48.
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 816–845.
Druss, B. G., Hwang, I., Petukhova, M., et al. (2009). Impairment in role functioning in mental and chronic medical disorders in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 728–737.
English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014). Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38, 195–202.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London: Sage.
Furukawa, T. A., Kessler, R. C., Slade, T., et al. (2003). The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Psychological Medicine, 33, 357–362.
Gagliardi, C., Vespa, A., Papa, R., et al. (2009). Social support networks and depression of women suffering from early-stage breast cancer: A case control study. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 216–229.
Gifford-Smith, M., Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., et al. (2005). Peer influence in children and adolescents: Crossing the bridge from developmental to intervention science. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 255–265.
Gilson, L. (2003). Trust and the development of health care as a social institution. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1453–1468.
Gonda, X., Pompili, M., Serafini, G., et al. (2015). The role of cognitive dysfunction in the symptoms and remission from depression. Annals of General Psychiatry, 14, 27.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380.
Gump, B. B., Matthews, K. A., Eberly, L. E., et al. (2005). Depressive symptoms and mortality in men: Results from the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 36, 98–102.
Hardeveld, F., Spijker, J., De Graaf, R., et al. (2010). Prevalence and predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122, 184–191.
Jorm, A. F., Windsor, T. D., Dear, K. B. G., et al. (2005). Age group differences in psychological distress: The role of psychosocial risk factors that vary with age. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1253–1263.
Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., et al. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 119.
Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Berglund, P., et al. (2015). Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24, 210–226.
Kuehner, C. (2017). Why is depression more common among women than among men? The Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 146–158.
Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., et al. (2008). Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: The role of psychosocial mediators. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 983–998.
Lépine, J.-P., & Briley, M. (2011). The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 3–7.
Malaquias, S., Crespo, C., & Francisco, R. (2015). How do adolescents benefit from family rituals? Links to social connectedness, depression and anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3009–3017.
Marmot, M. (2010) Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. Marmot review final report. London: University College.
Marsden, P. V., & Campbell, K. E. (1984). Measuring tie strength. Social Forces, 63, 482–501.
McCutcheon, V. V. (2006) Toward an integration of social and biological research. The Social Service Review, 80, 159–178.
Miloyan, B., Bulley, A., Bandeen-Roche, K., et al. (2016). Anxiety disorders and all-cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 1467–1475.
Mojtabai, R., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Trends in psychological distress, depressive episodes and mental health treatment-seeking in the United States: 2001–2012. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 556–561.
Nagy, E., & Moore, S. (2017). Social interventions: An effective approach to reduce adult depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 131–152.
O’Malley, A. J., & Marsden, P. (2008). The analysis of social networks. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 8, 222–269.
Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 339.
Rook, K. S. (2015). Social networks in later life: Weighing positive and negative effects on health and well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 45–51.
Rosenquist, J. N., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2011). Social network determinants of depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 273–281.
Santini, Z. I., Fiori, K. L., Feeney, J., et al. (2016). Social relationships, loneliness, and mental health among older men and women in Ireland: A prospective community-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 59–69.
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., et al. (2015). The association between social relationships and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 53–65.
Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Demakakos, P., et al. (2017). Social isolation and loneliness: Prospective associations with functional status in older adults. Health Psychology, 36, 179–187.
Slade, T., Grove, R., & Burgess, P. (2011). Kessler psychological distress scale: Normative data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 308–316.
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., et al. (2013) Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 5797–5801.
Tang, F., & Qin, P. (2015). Influence of personal social network and coping skills on risk for suicidal ideation in Chinese university students. PLoS ONE, 10, e0121023.
Teo, A. R., Choi, H., & Valenstein, M. (2013). Social relationships and depression: Ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS ONE, 8, e62396.
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 145–161.
Tsai, A. C., Lucas, M., & Kawachi, I. (2015). Association between social integration and suicide among women in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 987–993.
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008) The Secretary’s Advisory Committee on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020. Phase I report: Recommendations for the framework and format of healthy people 2020. Section IV. Advisory Committee findings and recommendations.
Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S54-S66.
Vasiliadis, H.-M., Chudzinski, V., Gontijo-Guerra, S., et al. (2015). Screening instruments for a population of older adults: The 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Psychiatry Research, 228, 89–94.
Ware, J. E. Jr., Kosinski, M., Gandek, B., et al. (1998). The factor structure of the SF-36 health survey in 10 countries: Results from the IQOLA project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 1159–1165.
Watson, N., & Wooden, M. (2010). Data survey: The HILDA survey—progress and future developments. Australian Economic Review, 43, 326–336.
Williams, N., Wilkinson, C., Stott, N., et al. (2008). Functional illness in primary care: Dysfunction versus disease. BMC Family Practice, 9, 1–8.
Windsor, T. D., Rioseco, P., Fiori, K. L., et al. (2016). Structural and functional social network attributes moderate the association of self-rated health with mental health in midlife and older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 28, 49–61.
Wooden, M., Freidin, S., & Watson, N. (2002). The household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey: Wave 1. Australian Economic Review, 35, 339–348.
Acknowledgements
This paper uses unit record data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The HILDA Project was initiated and is funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) and is managed by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (Melbourne Institute). The findings and views reported in this paper are those of the author and should not be attributed to either DSS or the Melbourne Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Levula, A., Harré, M. & Wilson, A. The Association Between Social Network Factors with Depression and Anxiety at Different Life Stages. Community Ment Health J 54, 842–854 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0195-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0195-7