Money and Mental Illness: A Study of the Relationship Between Poverty and Serious Psychological Problems
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a co-occurrence between mental problems, a bad economy, and social isolation. Medical treatments focus on reducing the extent of psychiatric problems. Recent research, however, has highlighted the possible effects of social initiatives. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between severe mental illness, economic status, and social relations. Method: a financial contribution per month was granted to 100 individuals with severe mental illnesses for a 9-month period. Assessments of the subjects were made before the start of the intervention and after 7 months’ duration. A comparison group including treatment as usual only was followed using the same instruments. Significant improvements were found for depression and anxiety, social networks, and sense of self. No differences in functional level were found. Social initiatives may have treatment and other beneficial effects and should be integrated into working contextually with persons with severe mental illnesses.
Keywords
Severe mental illness Poverty Social network Symptoms Functional levelNotes
Acknowledgment
The study has been approved by The Regional Ethical Review Board in Lund, Sweden, national registration number H15 2012/518.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interests and individually certify responsibility for the manuscript.
References
- Andreassen, N. C. (1984). The broken brain: The biological revolution in psychiatry. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
- Bengtsson-Tops, A., & Hansson, L. (1999). Subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients living in the community. Relationship to clinical and social characteristics. European Psychiatry, 14, 256–263.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bengtsson-Tops, A., & Hansson, L. (2003). Clinical and social changes in severely mentally ill individuals admitted to an outpatient psychosis team: An 18-month follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 17, 3–11.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Caplan, M. A. (2014). Financial coping strategies of mental health consumers. Managing social benefits. Community Mental Health Journal, 50, 409–414.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, C. I. (1993). Poverty and the course of schizophrenia: Implcations for research and policy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 951–958.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davidson, L., Haglund, K., Stayner, D., Rakfeldt, J., Chinman, M., & Kraemer Tebes, J. (2001a). “It was just realizing… that life isn’t one big horror”: A qualitative study of supported socialization. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 279–292.Google Scholar
- Davidson, L., Hoge, M. A., Godleski, L., Rakfeldt, J., & Griffith, E. E. H. (1996). Hospital or community living? Examining consumers’ perspectives on deinstitutionalization. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davidson, L., Shahar, G., Stayner, D. A., Chinman, M. J., Rakfeldt, J., & Kraemer Tebes, J. (2004). Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 453–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davidson, L., & Stayner, D. (1997). Loss, loneliness, and the desire for love: Perspectives on the social lives of people with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Davidson, L., Stayner, D. A., Nickou, C., Styron, T. H., Rowe, M., & Chinman, M. L. (2001b). “Simply to be let in”: Inclusion as a basis for recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 375–388.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Halldin, J., Eklöf, L., Lundberg, C., & Åhs, S. (2001). Mental health problems among homeless people in Sweden. International Journal of Mental Health, 30, 74–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hansson, L., Middelboe, T., Sörgaard, K. W., Bengtsson-Tops, A., Bjarnason, O., Merinder, L., et al. (2002). Living situation, subjective quality of life and social network among individuals with schizophrenia living in the community. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 343–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hansson, L., Svensson, B., & Björkman, T. (1998). Quality of life of the mentally ill. Reliability of the Swedish version of the Lancashire quality of life profile. European Psychiatry, 13, 31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ivarsson, B., Malm, U., Lindström, L. & Norlander, T. (2010). The self-assessment Global Quality of Life scale: Reliability and construct validity. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 23, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jonsson, J., & Mood, C. (2014). Sociala konsekvenser av ekonomisk utsatthet. Umgänge, stöd och deltagande (Social consequences of economic vulnerability. Visitation, support and participation). In M. Evertson & C. Magnusson (Eds.), Ojämlikhetens dimensioner. Uppväxtvillkor, arbete och hälsa i Sverige (Inequality dimensions. Childhood conditions, work and health in Sweden). Stockholm: Liber.Google Scholar
- Lisspers, J., Nygren, A., & Söderman, E. (1997). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD): Some psychometric data for a Swedish sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 281–286.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Muntaner, C., Borrell, C., & Chung, H. (2007). Class relations, economic inequality and mental health: Why social class matters to the sociology of mental health. In W. R. Avison, J. D. McLeod, & B. A. Pescosolido (Eds.), Mental health, social mirror. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
- Oliver, J., Huxley, P., Priebe, S., & Kaiser, W. (1997). Measuring the quality of life of severely mentally ill people using the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 76–83.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Priebe, S., Burns, T., & Craig, T. (2013). The future of academic psychiatry may be social. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 319–320.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Priebe, S., Huxley, P., Knight, S., & Evans, S. (1999). Application and results of the Manchester short assessment of quality of life. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45, 7–12.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Read, J. (2004). Poverty, ethnicity and gender. In J. Read, L. R. Mosher, & R. P. Bentall (Eds.), Models of madness. Psychological, social and biological approaches to Schizophrenia. London: Brunner-Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Read, J. (2010). Can poverty drive you mad? ‘Schizophrenia’, socio-economic status and the case for primary prevention. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 39, 7–19.Google Scholar
- Robichaud, J.-B. (1994). Les liens entre la pauvreté et la santé mentale—De l’exclusion à l’équité (The links between poverty and mental health—From exclusion to equity). Paris: Gaetan Morin Editeur.Google Scholar
- Saraceno, B., & Barbui, C. (1997). Poverty and mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 285–290.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Socialstyrelsen. (2006). Lägesrapporter 2006 (Rapport 2006). Handikappomsorg (Disability care). Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen (National Board of Health and Social Affairs).Google Scholar
- Söderberg, P., Tungström, S., & Armelius, B.-Å. (2004). GAF-skalans reliabilitet i kliniskt arbete (GAF scale reliability in clinical work). Umeå: Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi.Google Scholar
- SOU. (1992). Välfärd och valfrihet (Welfare and wellbeing) (Vol. 73). Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden.Google Scholar
- Topor, A., Andersson, G., Denhov, A., Holmqvist, S., Mattsson, M., Stefansson, C.-G., & Bülow, P. (2014). Psychosis and poverty—Coping with poverty and severe mental illness in everyday life. Psychosis, 6, 117–127. doi: 10.1080/17522439.2013.790070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Topor, A., Ljungqvist, I., & Strandberg, A-L. (2015a). Living on the margin: Severe mental illness, poverty and social isolation (submitted).Google Scholar
- Topor, A., Ljungqvist, I., & Strandberg, A-L. (2015b). Living in poverty with severe mental illness—Coping with double trouble (submitted).Google Scholar
- Ware, N. C., & Goldfinger, S. M. (1997). Poverty and rehabilitation in severe psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21, 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit level. Why more equal societies almost always do better. London: Penguin Books Ltd.Google Scholar
- Wilton, R. D. (2003). Poverty and mental health: A qualitative study of residential care facility tenants. Community Mental Health Journal, 39, 139–156.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar