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Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy and its effect on gastric-cancer-derived peritoneal metastases: an overview

  • Miguel Alberto
  • Andreas Brandl
  • Pankaj Kumar Garg
  • Safak Gül-Klein
  • Mathias Dahlmann
  • Ulrike Stein
  • Beate RauEmail author
Review
First Online:

Abstract

This manuscript aspires to portray a review of the current literature focusing on manifest peritoneal metastasis (PM) derived from gastric cancer and its treatment options. Despite the development of chemotherapy and multimodal treatment options during the last decades, mortality remains high worldwide. After refreshing important epidemiological considerations, the molecular mechanisms currently accepted through which PM occurs are revised. Palliative chemotherapy is the only recommended treatment option for patients with PM of gastric cancer according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, although cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy demonstrated promising results in selected patients with regional PM and localized intraabdominal tumor spread. A novel treatment named pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy may have a promising future in improving overall survival with an acceptable postoperative complication rate and stabilizing quality of life during treatment. Additionally, the procedure has been proved to be safe for the patient and medical personnel and a feasible, repeatable method to deter metastatic proliferation. This overview comprehensively addresses this novel and promising treatment in the context of a scientifically and clinically challenging disease.

Keywords

Gastric cancer Peritoneal metastases Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy Intraperitoneal chemotherapy Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis 

Abbreviations

ANXA1

Anti-inflammatory protein Annexin 1

CAFs

Cancer associated fibroblasts

CAWS

Closed aerosol waste system

CCR

Transmembrane G protein-coupled chemokine receptors

CDH1

Calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin

CRS

Cytoreductive surgery

CTGF

Connective tissue growth factor

CXC/CC

Chemokines

ECM

Extracellular matrix

EMT

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

HIF-1α

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

HIPEC

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

miRNA

MicroRNAs

MMP

Matrix metalloproteinase

MS

Milky spots

MVD

Microvascular density

NCCN

National comprehensive cancer network

NIPS

Neoadjuvant intraperitoneal-systemic chemotherapy protocol

NRAGE

Neutrophin receptor-interacting melanoma antigen-encoding gene homolog

PCI

Peritoneal cancer index

PIPAC

Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy

PM

Peritoneal metastasis

PTEN

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

S-1

Tegafur, 5-chloro-2-4-dihydroxypyridine and oxonic acid

TAMs

Tumor associated macrophages

VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

α-SMA

Alpha-smooth muscle actin

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Notes

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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© Springer Nature B.V. 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Miguel Alberto
    • 1
  • Andreas Brandl
    • 1
  • Pankaj Kumar Garg
    • 2
  • Safak Gül-Klein
    • 1
  • Mathias Dahlmann
    • 3
    • 4
    • 5
  • Ulrike Stein
    • 3
    • 4
    • 5
  • Beate Rau
    • 1
    Email author
  1. 1.Department of SurgeryCampus Virchow Klinikum – Campus Mitte, Charité – University Hospital BerlinBerlinGermany
  2. 2.Department of Surgery, Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalUniversity College of Medical Sciences, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
  3. 3.Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research CenterCharité University Hospital BerlinBerlinGermany
  4. 4.Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
  5. 5.German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany

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