Unforgivable Blackness: Visual Rhetoric, Reader Response, and Critical Racial Literacy
Abstract
Perceptions of black representations in literature and other visual mediums as positive or negative continuously cause consternation and debate (Fleetwood, 2011). Because African American children are literacy participants and consumers, they are not immune from experiencing this tension. This essay considers the effects and affective threads of racism and racialization connected to visuality (Foster, 1988), and how educators might support and nurture children’s roles as aesthetic critics and critical readers of books featuring racial imagery and representations. The young African American readers in this study resist a picturebook using colorist logic and macro-level social indexing of phenotypic traits. The author argues that negative social messages about blackness within the larger ethos of society, as well as the absence of diverse representations in children’s literature, contribute to such interpretations. She suggests explicitly teaching African American children about counter-visuality and the ways in which “art works” to shape and transform understandings about complex experiences like racism.
Keywords
Picturebooks Visual rhetoric Race Racial literacy African American reader responseReferences
- Allen, Andrew. (2000). ‘I Don’t Want to Read This:’ Students’ Respond to Illustrations of Black Characters. In J. Iseke-Barnes and N. Wane (Eds.), Equity in Schools and Society (pp. 73–85). Toronto: Canadian Scholar’s Press.Google Scholar
- Arizpe, Evelyn and Styles, Morag. (2003). Children Reading Pictures. Routledge Farmer: Interpreting Visual Texts. London.Google Scholar
- Bannerman, Helen. (1899). Little Black Samba. Akron, OH: Saalfield. Baugh, J.(2000). Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice. New York.Google Scholar
- Boutte, Gloria, Lopez-Robertson, Julia and Powers-Costello, Elizabeth. (2011). Moving Beyond Colorblindness in Early Childhood Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 39(5), 335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brooks, Wanda and Browne, Susan. (2012). Towards a Culturally Situated Reader Response Theory. Children’s Literature in Education, 43(1), 74–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Brooks, Wanda, Brown, Susan and Hampton, G. (2008). “There ain’t No Accounting for What Folks See!” Considering Colorism Within a Narrative by Sharon Flake. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 51, 660–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bull, Geoff and Anstey, Michèle. (2007). Exploring Visual Literacy Through a Range of Texts. Practically Primary, 12(3), 4–7.Google Scholar
- Cai, Mingshui. (2002). Multicultural Literature for Children and Young Adults: Reflections on Critical Issues: Reflections on Critical Issues. West Port: Greenwood press.Google Scholar
- Dillard, Cynthia B. (2012). Learning to (Re)member the Things we’ve Learned to Forget: Endarkened Feminisms, Spirituality, and the Sacred Nature of (Re)search and Teaching. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Edelsky, Carole. (1994). Education for Democracy. Language Arts, 71, 252–257.Google Scholar
- Enciso, Patricia. (1997). Negotiating the Meaning of Difference: Talking Back to Multicultural Literature. In Theresa. Rogers & Anna Soter (Eds.), Reading Across Cultures: Teaching Literature in a Diverse Society (pp. 13–41). New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Feagin, Joe R. and Van Ausdale, Debra. (2001). The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
- Fleckenstein, Kristie S. (2003). Embodied Literacies: Imageword and a Poetics of Teaching. Carbondale: SIU press.Google Scholar
- Fleetwood, Nicole. (2011). Troubling Vision: Performance, Visuality, and Blackness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Foster, Hal. (1988). Vision and Visuality. Seattle: Bay Press.Google Scholar
- Fransecky, Roger and Debes, John. (1972). Visual Literacy: A Way to Learn–A Way to Teach. Washington: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.Google Scholar
- Galda, Lee. (2013). Learning from children reading books: Transactional theory and the teaching of literature. Journal of Children’s Literature, 39(2), 5.Google Scholar
- Gates, Henry Louis Jr. and Mitchell, William John. (2014). The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Guinier, Lani. (2004). From Racial Liberalism to Racial Literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Divergence Dilemma. The Journal of American History, 91(1), 92–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harris, Violet. (1990). African American Children’s Literature: The First One Hundred Years. Journal of Negro Education, 59, 540–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hicks, Deborah. (2002). Reading Lives: Working-Class Children and Literacy Learning. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Hooks, Bell. (1992). Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston, MA: South End.Google Scholar
- Jackson, Tambra and Boutte, Gloria. (2009). Liberation Literature: Positive Cultural Messages in Children’s and Young Adult Literature at Freedom Schools. Language Arts, 87(2), 108–116.Google Scholar
- Johnson, Elisabeth and Vasudevan, Lalitha. (2012). Seeing and Hearing Students’ Lived and Embodied Critical Literacy Practices. Theory Into Practice, 51(1), 34–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kemble, Edward Windsor. (1898). A Coon Alphabet. New York: Russell.Google Scholar
- Kiefer, Barbara. (1983). The Responses of Children in a Combination First/Second Grade Classroom to Picture Books in a Variety of Artistic Styles. Journal of Research & Development in Education, 16(3), 14–20.Google Scholar
- Kirkland, David E. (2009). The Skin We Ink: Tattoos, Literacy, and A New English Education. English Education, 41(4), 375–395.Google Scholar
- Kim, So Jung. (2015). Korean-Origin Kindergarten Children’s Response to African-American Characters in Race-Themed Picture Books. Education Research International, 2015, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just What is Critical Race Theory and What’s it Doing in a Nice Field Like Education? International journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martin, Michelle. (2004). Brown Gold: Milestones of African American Children’s Picture Books, 1845–2002. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Messaris, Paul. (1998). Visual Aspects of Media Literacy. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 70–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McCallum, Robyn and Stephens, John. (2011). Ideology and Children’s Books. In Shelby Wolf, Karen Coats, Patricia Enciso, and Christine Jenkins (Eds.), Handbook of Handbook of Research on Children’s and Young Adult Literature (pp. 359–371). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Milner, David. (1983). Children & Race. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Möller, Karla. J. (2008). Reading our Richly Diverse World: Conceptualizing a Response Development Zone. Embracing, Evaluating, and Examining African American Children’s and Young Adult Literature. In Brooks, Wanda and McNair, Jonda (Eds.), Embracing, Evaluating, and Examining African American Children’s and Young Adult Literature (pp. 151–186). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
- Nodelman, Perry. (1988). Words About Pictures: The Narrative Art of Children’s Picture Books. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
- Pantaleo, Sylvia. (2008). Exploring Student Response to Contemporary Picturebooks. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
- Paris, Django. (2011). ‘A friend who understand fully’: Notes on Humanizing Research in a Multiethnic Youth Community. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 24(2), 137–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Paris, Django and Alim, Samy. (2014). What are We Seeking to Sustain Through Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy? A Loving Critique Forward. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 85–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pataray-Ching, Jann, et al. (2001). Talking About Books: Supporting and Questioning Representation. Language Arts, 78(5), 476–484.Google Scholar
- Prendergast, Catherine. (1998). Race: The absent presence in composition studies. College Composition and Communication, 50(1), 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Quach, Lan Hue, Jo, Ji-Yeon and Urrieta, Luis. (2009). Understanding the Racialized Identities of Asian Students in Predominately White Schools. In Ruyko Kubota and Angel Lin (Eds.), Race, Culture, and Identities in Second Language Education: Exploring Critically Engaged Practice (pp. 118–137). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Rogers, Rebecca and Mosley, Melissa. (2006). Racial Literacy in a Second-Grade Classroom: Critical Race Theory, Whiteness Studies, and Literacy Research. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(4), 462–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rose, Gillian. (2001). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Methodologies. London: Sage.Google Scholar
- Rose, Gillian. (2003). On the Need to Ask How, Exactly, is Geography “Visual”? Antipode, 35(2), 212–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosenblatt, Louise. (1995). Literature as Exploration, 5th ed. New York: Modern Language Association.Google Scholar
- Serafini, Frank. (2014). Reading the Visual: An Introduction to Teaching Multimodal Literacy. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
- Sims-Bishop, Rudine. (1982). Shadow and Substance. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
- Simms-Bishop, Rudine. (1992). Multicultural Literature for Children: Making Informed Choices. Teaching Multicultural Literature in Grades, K-8, 37–53.Google Scholar
- Simms-Bishop, Rudine. (2011). African American Children’s Literature: Researching its Development, Exploring Its Voices. In S.A. Wolf, K. Coats, P. Enciso and C.A. Jenkins (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Children’s and Young Adult Literature (pp. 225–236). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Sipe, Lawrence. (1998). How Picture Books Work: A Semiotically Framed Theory of Text-Picture Relationships. Children’s Literature in Education, 29(2), 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sipe, Lawrence. (2002). Talking Back and Taking Over: Young Children’s Expressive Engagement During Storybook Read-Alouds. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 476–483.Google Scholar
- Sipe, Lawrence R. and McGuire, Caroline E. (2006). Young Children’s Resistance to Stories. The Reading Teacher, 60(1), 6–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith-D’Arezzo, Wendy and Musgrove, Margaret. (2011). Two Professors Critique the Representations of Africans and African Americans in Picture Books. Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(2), 188–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Strauss, Anselm and Corbin, Juliet. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Procedures and Techniques for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Google Scholar
- Street, Brian. (1993). The new Literacy Studies. Journal of Research in Reading, 16, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stocchetti, Matteo and Kukkonen, Karin. (2011). Critical Media Analysis: An Introduction for Media Professionals. New York: Peter Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tolson, Nancy D. (2008). Black Children’s Literature Got De Blues: The Creativity of Black Writers and Illustrators, vol. 11. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Thomas, Ebony E. (2013). Dilemmatic Conversations: Some Challenges of Culturally Responsive Discourse in a High School English Classroom. Linguistics and Education, 24(3), 328–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vagle, Mark. (2014). Crafting Phenomenological Research. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar
- Van Manen, Max. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy Albany:SUNY Press.Google Scholar
- Walker, Alice. (2004). In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. Orlando: Harcourt.Google Scholar
- Williams, Karen. (1991). Galimoto. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
- Youngs, Suzette and Serafini, Frank. (2011). Comprehension Strategies for Reading Historical Fiction Picturebooks. The Reading Teacher, 65(2), 115–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar