Cellulose

, Volume 18, Issue 3, pp 681–688 | Cite as

Properties of cellulose films prepared from NaOH/urea/zincate aqueous solution at low temperature

Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Cellulose films were successfully prepared from NaOH/urea/zincate aqueous solution pre-cooled to −13 °C by coagulating with 5% H2SO4. The cellulose solution and regenerated cellulose films were characterized with dynamic rheology, ultraviolet–visible spectroscope, scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, thermogravimetry and tensile testing. The results indicated that at higher temperature (above 65 °C) or lower temperature (below −10 °C) or for longer storage time, gels could form in the cellulose dope. However, the cellulose solution remained a liquid state for a long time at 0–10 °C. Moreover, there was an irreversible gelation in the cellulose solution system. The films with cellulose II exhibited better optical transmittance, high thermal stability and tensile strength than that prepared by NaOH/urea aqueous solution without zincate. Therefore, the addition of zincate in the NaOH/urea aqueous system could enhance the cellulose solubility and improve the structure and properties of the regenerated cellulose films.

Keywords

Cellulose dope NaOH/urea/zincate Rheology Films 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2010CB732203), National Supporting Project for Science and Technology (2006BAF02A09), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20474048 and 20874079).

References

  1. Cai J, Zhang L (2006) Unique gelation behavior of cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Biomacromolecules 7:183–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Cai J, Liu Y, Zhang L (2006) Dilute solution properties of cellulose in LiOH/urea aqueous system. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 44:3093–3101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Cai J, Zhang L, Zhou J, Qi H, Chen H, Kondo T, Chen X, Chu B (2007) Multifilament fibers based on dissolution of cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution: Structure and properties. Adv Mater 19:821–825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Cai J, Zhang L, Liu S, Liu Y, Xu X, Chen X, Chu B, Guo X, Xu J, Cheng H, Han C, Kuga S (2008) Dynamic self-assembly induced rapid dissolution of cellulose at low temperature. Macromolecules 41:9345–9351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Chang C, Peng J, Zhang L, Pang D (2009) Strongly fluorescent hydrogels with quantum dots embedded in cellulose matrices. J Mater Chem 19:7771–7776CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Fenn D, Heinze T (2009) Novel 3-mono-O-hydroxyethyl cellulose: synthesis and structure characterization. Cellulose 16:853–861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Fink HP, Weigel P, Purz HJ, Ganster J (2001) Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO-solutions. Prog Polym Sci 26:1473–1524CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Hannuksela T, Fardim P, Holmbom B (2003) Sorption of spruce O-acetylated galactoglucomannans onto different pulp fibres. Cellulose 10:317–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Heinze T, Liebert T (2001) Unconventional methods in cellulose functionalization. Prog Polym Sci 26:1689–1762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Isogai A, Usuda M, Kato T, Uryu T, Atalla R (1989) Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR study of cellulose polymorphs. Macromolecules 22:3168–3172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Kaplan D (1998) Biopolymers from renewable resources. Spinger, BerlinGoogle Scholar
  12. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Liu H, Wang D, Song Z, Shang S (2011) Preparation of silver nanoparticles on cellulose nanocrystals and the application in electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Cellulose 18:67–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Luo X, Zhang L (2010) New solvents and functional materials prepared from cellulose solutions in alkali/urea aqueous system. Food Res Int. doi  10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.016
  15. Luo X, Liu S, Zhou J, Zhang L (2009) In situ synthesis of Fe3O4/cellulose microspheres with magnetic-induced protein delivery. J Mater Chem 19:3538–3545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Iβ from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 124:9074–9082CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama J, Chanzy H, Langan P (2003) Crystal structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose Iβ from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 125:14300–14306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Qi H, Chang C, Zhang L (2009) Properties and applications of biodegradable transparent and photoluminescent cellulose films prepared via a green process. Green Chem 11:177–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Rabek J (1980) Experimental methods in polymer chemistry. Wiley, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
  20. Ragauskas AJ, Williams CK, Davison BH, Britovsek G, Cairney J, Eckert CA, Rederick WJ, Hallett JP, Leak DJ, Liotta CL, Mielenz JR, Murphy R, Templer R, Tschaplinski T (2006) The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311:484–489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Regalbuto J (2009) Cellulosic biofuels-get gasoline? Science 325:822–824CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Ruan D, Zhang L, Lue A (2006) A rapid process for producing cellulose multi-filament fibers from a NaOH/thiourea solvent system. Macromol Rapid Commun 27:1495–1500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Ruan D, Lue A, Zhang L (2008) Gelation behaviors of cellulose solution dissolved in aqueous NaOH/thiourea at low temperature. Polymer 49:1027–1036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Tilman D, Socolow R, Foley J, Hill J, Larson E, Lynd L, Pacala S, Reilly J, Searchinger T, Somerville C, Williams R (2009) Beneficial biofuels—the food, energy, and environment trilemma. Science 325:270–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Yang Q, Qi H, Lue A, Hu K, Cheng G, Zhang L (2011) Role of sodium zincate on cellulose dissolution in NaOH/urea aqueous solution at low temperature. Carbohydr Polym 83:1185–1191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Zhang X, Huang J, Chang P, Li J, Chen Y, Wang D, Yu J, Chen J (2010) Structure and properties of polysaccharide nanocrystal-doped supramolecular hydrogels based on Cyclodextrin inclusion. Polymer 51:4398–4407CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of ChemistryWuhan UniversityWuhanChina

Personalised recommendations