Cellulose

, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119–129 | Cite as

NLO polymers based on cellulose diacetate and a cationic chromophore

Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
  • 73 Downloads

Abstract

An attempt has been made to prepare second-order nonlinear optic (NLO) materials based on cellulose diacetate and melamine derivatives. The NLO cationic chromophore, composed of 1,3-dimethyl-2-(4′-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-azo-imidazole chloride and small amounts of 1,3-dimethyl-2-(4′-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-azo-imidazole methylsulfate, was incorporated into a crosslink network formed from the reaction of cellulose diacetate with trimethylol melamine or hexamethylol melamine. The poled and cured NLO materials exhibited an electro-optic coefficient (r 13) of 1.03 or 1.42 pm/V, respectively, at the laser wavelength 1550 nm and a modulation frequency of 12.7 kHz; the r 13 values decreased to 97% or 86.6%, respectively, of the initial values after 4 days. The laser transmission loss was 0.58 or 0.6 dB, respectively. The crosslinked materials showed better temporal stability than the material of the host/guest system with a doped cationic chromophore. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric relaxation and thermogravimetry analyses proved the formation of a crosslink structure, and the degree of dielectric relaxation was shown to became higher if a crosslinker of too high functionality was used.

Key words

Cationic chromophore Cellulose diacetate Hexamethylol melamine NLO material Trimethylol melamine 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Allcock H.R., Lampe F.W., Mark J.E. (2003) Contemporary polymer chemistry, third edition. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, N. JGoogle Scholar
  2. Betrabet C.S., Wilkes G.L. (1995). Effect on microstructure of acid-catalyzed PTMO/TEOS and PTMO/TIOPR hybrids when aged in neutral and alkaline aqueous solutions Chem. Mater 7(3): 535–545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Billmeyer Jr. F.W. (1984) Textbook of polymer science, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  4. Bosshard C.H., Küpfer M., Günter P., Pasquier C., Zahir S., Seifert M. (1990). Second-order polarizabilities of azo derivaties with electric-field-induced second harmonic generation Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(13): 1204–1213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Bower D.I. (2002) An Introduction to polymer physics. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  6. Brydson J.A. (1982) Plastic materials, 4th edn. Butterworths Scientific, LondonGoogle Scholar
  7. Chen S.J. (1994) Paint technology (in Chinese). Chemistry Industry Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  8. Cox S., Gier T., Stucky G. (1990). Second harmonic generation by the self-aggregation of organic guests in molecular sieve hosts Chem. Mater. 2(5): 609–619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Den Broeck K.V., Verbiest T., Van Beylen M., Persoons A., Samyn C. (1999). Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of high glass transition polyimides Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200(12): 2629–2635CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Glomm B., Rickert C., Neuenschwander P., Suter U.W. (1994). Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of polymaleimides Macromol. Chem. Phys. 195(2): 525–537CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Godt A., Fréchet J.M.J., Beecher J.E., Willand C.S. (1995). Photopolymers for nonlinear optics: design and synthesis of a polymer containing styene-terminated tolane chromophores and its stabilization in an oriented configuration by photocrosslinking Macromol. Chem. Phys. 196(1): 133–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Hedvig P. (1977) Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymers (translated in Chinese). Akademiai Kiado, BudapestGoogle Scholar
  13. Huang M.L. (1982) Infrared Spectroscopy and Organic Molecular Structure (in Chinese). Science Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  14. Huang C.H., Li F.Y., Huang Y.Y. (2001) Ultrathin Films for Optics and Electronics (in Chinese). Beijing University Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  15. Jiang H.W., Kakkar A.K. (1998). Functionalized Siloxane-linked polymers for second-order nonlinear optics Macromolecules 31: 2501–2508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Jiang H.W., Kakkar A.K. (1999). Hybrid materials for second-order nonlinear optics J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121: 3657–3659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Kim W.H., Bihari B., Moody R., Kodali N.B., Kumar J., Tripathy S.K. (1995). Self-assembled spin-coated and bulk films of a novel poly(diacetylene) as second-order nonlinear optical polymers Macromolecules 28(2): 642–647CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Lacroix P.G., Clément R., Nakatani K., Zyss J., Lsdoux I. (1994). Stibazolium-MPS3 nanocomposites with large second-order optical nonlinearity and permant stability Science 263(5147): 658–660CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Landry C.J.T., Coltrain B.K., Brady B.K. (1992). In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in poly(methyl methacrylate); morphology and dynamic mechanical properties Polymer 33: 1486–1495CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Li D.Q., Ratner M.A., Marks T.J., Zhang C.H., Yang J., Wong G.K. (1990). Self-assembled films as second-order nonlinear optical polymers J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112(20): 7389–7391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Zaifeng Li, Guanghua Yang, Chuming Xu (2004). Effect on dielectic relaxation of crosslinking degree J. Polym. Sci. Part A; Polym. Chem. 42: 1126–1131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Liu Z.C. (1986) Dying & finishing auxiliary (in Chinese). Textile Industry Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  23. Liu F.Q., Tan X.Y. (1994) Macromolecular Physics (in Chinese). China University Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  24. Mark H.F., Bikales N.M., Overberger C.G., Menges G. (1985) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  25. Mark J., Ngai K., Graessley W., Mandelkern L., Samulski E., Koenig J., Wignall G. (2004) Physical properties of polymer, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
  26. McCullough D.H. III, Regen S.L. (2004). Organic nonlinear optical materials Chem. Commun 4(12): 2787CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Morazari M.A., Knoesen S.T., Kowel S.T., Higgins B.G., Dienes A.J. (1989). A second-harmonic generation and absorption studies of polymer-dye films oriented by Corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures Opt. Soc. Am. B6: 733–741CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Popovitz-Biro R., Hill K., Landau E.M., Lahav M., Leiserowitz L., Sagiv J., Hsiung H., Meredith G.R., Vanherzeele H. (1988). Ultrathin films for second-order nonlinear optics J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 2672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Serhatli I.E., Yagci Y., Hattemer E., Zentel R., Schmälzlin E., Hohenadl S., Bräuchle C., Meerholz K. (2001). Crosslinkable maleimide copolymers for stable NLO properties J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 39(10): 1589–1595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Smyth C.P. (1955) Dielectric behaviour and structure – dielectric constant and loss, dipole moment and molecular structure. McGraw-Hill, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  31. Song X.P. (2001) Dye manufacture technology (in Chinese) Scientific and Technical Document Publishing House, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  32. Sung P.H., Hsu T.F., Ding Y.H., Wu A.Y. (1998). Novel thermally stable cross-linked nonlinear optical silica films prepared by a sol-gel process Chem. Mater. 10(6): 1642–1646CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Verbiest T., Burland D.M. (1995). Exceptionally thermally stable polyimides for second-order nonlinear optical applications Science 268(5217): 1604–1606CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Verbiest T., Samyn C., Beylen M.V., Persoons A. (1998). Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of high glass transition poly(maleimide-4-phenylstyrene)s Macromol. Rapid Commun. 19(7): 349–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Yu D., Gharavi A., Yu L.P. (1995). A generic approach to functionalizing aromatic polyimides for second-order nonlinear optics Macromolecules 28(3): 784–786CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Zhao G.J. (1988) Dye technology (in Chinese). Chengdu University of Science & Technology Press, ChengduGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2006

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of Material Science & EngineeringEast China University of Science & TechnologyShanghaiChina

Personalised recommendations