Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

, Volume 17, Issue 3, pp 230–247 | Cite as

Establishing Treatment Fidelity in Evidence-Based Parent Training Programs for Externalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents

  • Lauren L. Garbacz
  • Dawn M. Brown
  • Grace A. Spee
  • Antonio J. Polo
  • Karen S. Budd
Article
First Online:

Abstract

The current review evaluates the use of treatment fidelity strategies in evidence-based parent training programs for treating externalizing disorders. We used a broad framework for evaluating treatment fidelity developed by the National Institutes of Health Treatment Fidelity Workgroup that includes the aspects of treatment design, treatment delivery, training providers, and assessment of participant receipt of treatment and enactment of treatment skills. Sixty-five articles reporting outcome trials of evidence-based parent training programs met inclusion criteria and were coded for treatment fidelity strategies. The mean adherence to fidelity strategies was .73, which was higher than two previous review studies employing this framework in the health literature. Strategies related to treatment design showed the highest mean adherence (.83), whereas training of providers and enactment of treatment skills had the lowest (.58). In light of an increasing emphasis on effectiveness and dissemination trials, the broader treatment fidelity framework as applied in this review focuses needed attention on areas often overlooked in fidelity practices, such as training providers and generalization of treatment skills. We discuss the strengths and limitations of fidelity practices in parent training studies, implications of these findings, and areas for future research.

Keywords

Treatment fidelity Treatment integrity Parent training Child Adolescent 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dr. Sharon Foster for her feedback on this manuscript.

References

  1. * denotes articles include in the review.Google Scholar
  2. APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards. (2008). Reporting standards for research in psychology: Why do need them? What might they be? American Psychologist, 63, 839–851. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.839.PubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. *Bagner, D. M., Sheinkopf, S. J., Vohr, B. R., & Lester, B. M. (2010). Parenting intervention for externalizing behavior problems in children born premature: An initial examination. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 31, 209–216. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181d5a294.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Barber, J. P., Sharpless, B. A., Klostermann, S., & McCarthy, K. S. (2007). Assessing intervention competence and its relation to therapy outcome: A selected review derived from the outcome literature. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 493–500. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.38.5.493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. *Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). The efficacy of problem-solving communication training alone, behavior management training alone, and their combination for parent-adolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 926–941. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.69.6.926.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. *Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K., Barrett, S., et al. (2000). Multi-method psycho-educational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior: Preliminary results at post-treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 319–332. doi: 10.1017/s0021963099005430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bellg, A. J., Borrelli, B., Resnick, B., Hecht, J., Minicucci, D. S., Ory, M., et al. (2004). Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: Best practices and recommendations from the NIH behavior change consortium. Health Psychology, 23, 443–451. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.443.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. *Berkovits, M. D., O’Brien, K. A., Carter, C. G., & Eyberg, S. M. (2010). Early identification and intervention for behavior problems in primary care: A comparison of two abbreviated versions of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy. Behavior Therapy, 41, 375–387. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Blase, K., & Fixsen, D. L. (2013). Core intervention components: Identifying and operationalizing what makes programs work. ASPE research brief, office of the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation, Office of Human Services Policy, US Department of Health and Human Services, p 1–21.Google Scholar
  10. *Borduin, C. M., Mann, B. J., Cone, L. T., Henggeler, S. W., Fucci, B. R., Blaske, D. M., et al. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 569–578. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.63.4.569.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Borrelli, B. (2011). The assessment, monitoring, and enhancement of treatment fidelity in public health clinical trials. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 71, S52–S63. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00233.x.PubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Borrelli, B., Sepinwall, D., Ernst, D., Bellg, A. J., Czajkowski, S., Breger, R., et al. (2005). A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behavior research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 852–860. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.852.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. *Bullard, L., Wachlarowicz, M., DeLeeuw, J., Snyder, J., Low, S., Forgatch, M., et al. (2010). Effects of the Oregon model of parent management training (PMTO) on marital adjustment in new stepfamilies: A randomized trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 485–496. doi: 10.1037/a0020267.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Carroll, C., Patterson, M., Wood, S., Booth, A., Rick, J., & Balain, S. (2007). A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity. Implementation Science, 2, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-2-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. *Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Wymbs, F. A., Pelham, W. E., Swanger-Gagne, M. S., Girio, E., et al. (2009). Enhancing traditional behavioral parent training for single mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 206–218. doi: 10.1080/15374410802698388.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7–18. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.66.1.7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., Becker, K. D., Nakamura, B. J., et al. (2011). Evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: An updated review of indicators of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 154–172. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01247.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Identifying and selecting the common elements of evidence based interventions: A distillation and matching model. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 5–20. doi: 10.1007/s11020-005-1962-6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. *Drugli, M. B., & Larsson, B. (2006). Children aged 4–8 years treated with parent training and child therapy because of conduct problems: Generalisation effects to day-care and school settings. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 392–399. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0546-3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. *Drugli, M. B., Larsson, B., & Clifford, G. (2007). Changes in social competence in young children treated because of conduct problems as viewed by multiple informants. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 370–378. doi: 10.1007/s00787-007-0609-0.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Eames, C., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Whitaker, C., Jones, K., Hughes, J., et al. (2009). Treatment fidelity as a predictor of behaviour change in parents attending group-based parent training. Child: Care Health and Development, 35, 603–612. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00975.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 215–237. doi: 10.1080/15374410701820117.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. *Fabiano, G. A., Chacko, A., Pelham, W. E, Jr, Robb, J., Walker, K. S., Wymbs, F., et al. (2009). A comparison of behavioral parent training programs for fathers of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 40, 190–204. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.05.002.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Feeley, M., DeRubeis, R. J., & Gelfand, L. A. (1999). The temporal relation of adherence and alliance to symptom change in cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 578–582. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.67.4.578.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Fixsen, D., Blase, K., Metz, A., & Van Dyke, M. (2013). Statewide implementation of evidence-based programs. Exceptional Children (Special Issue), 79, 213–230.Google Scholar
  27. *Forehand, R. L., Merchant, M. J., Parent, J., Long, N., Linnea, K., & Baer, J. (2011). An examination of a group curriculum for parents of young children with disruptive behavior. Behavior Modification, 35, 235–251. doi: 10.1177/0145445510393731.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2006). Evaluating fidelity: Predictive validity for a measure of competent adherence to the Oregon model of parent management training. Behavior Therapy, 36, 3–13. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80049-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. *Fossum, S., Mørch, W.-T., Handegård, B. H., Drugli, M. B., & Larsson, B. (2009). Parent training for young Norwegian children with ODD and CD problems: Predictors and mediators of treatment outcome. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 173–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00700.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. *Gallart, S. C., & Matthey, S. (2005). The effectiveness of group Triple P and the impact of the four telephone contacts. Behaviour Change, 22, 71–80. doi: 10.1375/bech.2005.22.2.71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. *Gardner, F., Burton, J., & Klimes, I. (2006). Randomised controlled trial of a parenting intervention in the voluntary sector for reducing child conduct problems: Outcomes and mechanisms of change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1123–1132. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01668.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Garland, A. F., Hawley, K. M., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Hurlburt, M. S. (2008). Identifying common elements of evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children’s disruptive behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 505–514. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816765c2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Garland, A. F., Hough, R. L., McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Wood, P. A., & Aarons, G. A. (2001). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 409–418. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200104000-00009.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. *Glisson, C., Schoenwald, S. K., Hemmelgarn, A., Green, P., Dukes, D., Armstrong, K. S., et al. (2010). Randomized trial of MST and ARC in a two-level evidence-based treatment implementation strategy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 537–550. doi: 10.1037/a0019160.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Godley, S. H., Garner, B. R., Smith, J. E., Meyers, R. J., & Godley, M. D. (2011). A large-scale dissemination and implementation model for evidence-based treatment and continuing care. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 67–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01236.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Helmond, P., Overbeek, G., & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 1720–1728. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Henggeler, S. W. (2004). Decreasing effect sizes for effectiveness studies- implications for the transport of evidence-based treatments: Comment on Curtis, Ronan, and Borduin (2004). Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 420–423. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.420.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. *Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., Brondino, M. J., Scherer, D. G., & Hanley, J. H. (1997). Multisystemic Therapy with violent and chronic juvenile offenders and their families: The role of treatment fidelity in successful dissemination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 821–833. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.65.5.821.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. *Henggeler, S. W., Rowland, M. D., Randall, J., Ward, D. M., Pickrel, S. G., Cunningham, P. B., et al. (1999). Home-based Multisystemic Therapy as an alternative to the hospitalization of youths in psychiatric crisis: Clinical outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1331–1339. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199911000-00006.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Henggeler, S. W., & Schaeffer, C. (2010). Treating serious antisocial behavior using Multisystemic Therapy. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 259–276). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  41. *Herman, K. C., Borden, L. A., Reinke, W. M., & Webster-Stratton, C. (2011). The impact of the incredible year’s parent, child, and teacher training programs on children’s co-occurring internalizing symptoms. School Psychology Quarterly, 26, 189–201. doi: 10.1037/a0025228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
  43. *Hoath, F. E., & Sanders, M. R. (2002). A feasibility study of enhanced group Triple P: Positive parenting program for parents of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Behaviour Change, 19, 191–206. doi: 10.1375/bech.19.4.191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Hogue, A., Henderson, C. E., Dauber, S., Barajas, P. C., Fried, A., & Liddle, H. A. (2008). Treatment adherence, competence, and outcome in individual and family therapy for adolescent behavior problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 544–555. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.76.4.544.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Huey, S. J., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J., & Pickrel, S. G. (2000). Mechanisms of change in Multisystemic Therapy: Reducing delinquent behavior through therapist adherence and improved family and peer functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 451–467. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.68.3.451.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. *Hutchings, J., Gardner, F., Bywater, T., Daley, D., Whitaker, C., Jones, K., et al. (2007). Parenting intervention in sure start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 334, 678–682. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39126.620799.55.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. *Ireland, J. L., Sanders, M. R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2003). The impact of parent training on marital functioning: A comparison of two group versions of the Triple P-positive parenting program for parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 127–142. doi: 10.1017/S1352465803002017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Jensen, A. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). Assessing match and mismatch between practitioner-generated and standardized interview-generated diagnoses for clinic-referred children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 158–168. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.70.1.158.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567–589. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Kazak, A. E., Hoagwood, K., Weisz, J. R., Hood, K., Kratochwill, T. R., Vargas, L. A., et al. (2010). A meta-systems approach to evidence-based practice for children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 65, 85–97. doi: 10.1037/a0017784.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Kazdin, A. E. (1986). Comparative outcome studies of psychotherapy: Methodological issues and strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 95–105. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.54.1.95.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. *Kazdin, A. E., Esveldtdawson, K., French, N. H., & Unis, A. S. (1987). Effects of parent management-training and problem-solving skills training combined in the treatment of antisocial child-behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 416–424. doi: 10.1097/00004583-198705000-00024.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. *Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C., & Bass, D. (1992). Cognitive problem-solving skills training and parent management-training in the treatment of antisocial-behavior in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 733–747. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.733.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. *Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2003). Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 504–515. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.504.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. doi: 10.2307/2529310.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. *Larsson, B., Fossum, S., Clifford, G., Drugli, M. B., Handegård, B. H., & Mørch, W.-T. (2009). Treatment of oppositional defiant and conduct problems in young Norwegian children: Results of a randomized controlled trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 42–52. doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-0702-z.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. *Lau, A. S., Fung, J. J., Ho, L. Y., Liu, L. L., & Gudino, O. G. (2011). Parent training with high-risk immigrant Chinese families: A pilot group randomized trial yielding practice-based evidence. Behavior Therapy, 42, 413–426. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.11.001.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. *Lavigne, J. V., LeBailly, S. A., Gouze, K. R., Cicchetti, C., Pochyly, J., Arend, R., et al. (2008). Treating oppositional defiant disorder in primary care: A comparison of three models. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 449–461. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm074.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. *Leung, C., Sanders, M. R., Leung, S., Mak, R., & Lau, J. (2003). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program in Hong Kong. Family Process, 42, 531–544. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00531.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. *Leung, C., Tsang, S., Heung, K., & Yiu, I. (2009). Effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) among Chinese families. Research on Social Work Practice, 19, 304–313. doi: 10.1177/1049731508321713.Google Scholar
  61. Lichstein, K. L., Riedel, B. W., & Grieve, R. (1994). Fair tests of clinical trials: A treatment implementation model. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 1–29. doi: 10.1016/0146-6402(94)90001-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Luborsky, L., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1984). The use of psychotherapy treatment manuals: A small revolution in psychotherapy research style. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 5–14. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(84)90034-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. *Matos, M., Bauermeister, J. J., & Bernal, G. (2009). Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Puerto Rican preschool children with ADHD and behavior problems: A pilot efficacy study. Family Process, 48, 232–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01279.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. McArthur, B. A., Riosa, P. B., & Preyde, M. (2012). Treatment fidelity in psychosocial intervention for children and adolescents with comorbid problems. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17, 139–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00635.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. *McCabe, K., & Yeh, M. (2009). Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Mexican Americans: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 753–759. doi: 10.1080/15374410903103544.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. McHugh, R. K., Murray, H. W., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments: The promise of transdiagnostic interventions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 946–953. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.005.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. McHugo, G. J., Drake, R. E., Teague, G. B., & Xie, H. (1999). Fidelity to assertive community treatment and client outcomes in the New Hampshire dual disorders study. Psychiatric Services, 50, 818–824.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., et al. (2010). CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 340, 869–897. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Moncher, F. J., & Prinz, R. J. (1991). Treatment fidelity in outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 247–266. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(91)90103-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. *Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. (2009). An evaluation of a behavioural parenting intervention for parents of gifted children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 463–470. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. *MTACG. (1999). A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1073–1086. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. *Nixon, R. D. V., Sweeney, L., Erickson, D. B., & Touyz, S. W. (2003). Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: A comparison of standard and abbreviated treatments for oppositional defiant preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 251–260. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.251.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. *Ogden, T., & Hagen, K. A. (2008). Treatment effectiveness of parent management training in Norway: A randomized controlled trial of children with conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 607–621. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.76.4.607.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. *Ogden, T., & Halliday-Boykins, C. A. (2004). Multisystemic treatment of antisocial adolescents in Norway: Replication of clinical outcomes outside of the US. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9, 77–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2004.00085.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. *Owens, J. S., Richerson, L., Beilstein, E. A., Crane, A., Murphy, C. E., & Vancouver, J. B. (2005). School-based mental health programming for children with inattentive and disruptive behavior problems: First-year treatment outcome. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 261–274. doi: 10.1177/1087054705279299.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. *Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1982). A comparative evaluation of a parent-training program. Behavior Therapy, 13, 638–650. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7894(82)80021-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Pelham, W. E., & Fabiano, G. A. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 184–214. doi: 10.1080/15374410701818681.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Perepletchikova, F., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Treatment integrity and therapeutic change: Issues and research recommendations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 365–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. Perepletchikova, F., Treat, T. A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Treatment integrity in psychotherapy research: Analysis of the studies and examination of the associated factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 829. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.829.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. *Plant, K. M., & Sanders, M. R. (2007). Reducing problem behavior during care-giving in families of preschool-aged children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 362–385. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.009.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Preyde, M., & Burnham, P. V. (2011). Intervention fidelity in psychosocial oncology. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 8, 379–396. doi: 10.1080/15433714.2011.542334.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. *Reid, M. J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (2007). Enhancing a classroom social competence and problem-solving curriculum by offering parent training to families of moderate- to high-risk elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 605–620. doi: 10.1080/15374410701662741.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Resnick, B., Bellg, A. J., Borrelli, B., De Francesco, C., Breger, R., Hecht, J., et al. (2005). Examples of implementation and evaluation of treatment fidelity in the BCC studies: Where we are and where we need to go. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 46–54. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm2902s_8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2005). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems–a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01544.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. *Roberts, C., Mazzucchelli, T., Studman, L., & Sanders, M. R. (2006). Behavioral family intervention for children with developmental disabilities and behavioral problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 180–193. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. *Rowland, M. D., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Henggeler, S. W., Cunningham, P. B., Lee, T. G., Kruesi, M. J. P., et al. (2005). A randomized trial of Multisystemic Therapy with Hawaii’s felix class youths. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 13, 13–23. doi: 10.1177/10634266050130010201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. *Sanders, M. R., Markie-Dadds, C., Tully, L. A., & Bor, W. (2000). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 624–640. doi: 10.1037//002-006X.68.4.624.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M. T., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2002). The development and dissemination of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science, 3, 173–189. doi: 10.1023/A:1019942516231.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. *Scahill, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Bearss, K., Findley, D., Hamrin, V., Carroll, D. H., et al. (2006). Randomized trial of parent management training in children with tic disorders and disruptive behavior. Journal of Child Neurology, 21, 650–656. doi: 10.1177/08830738060210080201.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. *Scherer, D. G., & Brondino, M. J. (1994). Multisystemic family preservation therapy: Preliminary findings from a study of rural and minority serious adolescent offenders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 2, 198. doi: 10.1023/A:1019942516231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Schoenwald, S. K., Carter, R. E., Chapman, J. E., & Sheidow, A. J. (2008). Therapist adherence and organizational effects on change in youth behavior problems 1 year after Multisystemic Therapy. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 379–394. doi: 10.1007/s10488-008-0181-z.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Schoenwald, S. K., & Garland, A. F. (2013). A review of treatment adherence measurement methods. Psychological Assessment, 25, 146–156. doi: 10.1037/a0029715.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Schoenwald, S. K., Garland, A. F., Chapman, J. E., Frazier, S. L., Sheidow, A. J., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2011). Toward the effective and efficient measurement of implementation fidelity. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38, 32–43. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0321-0.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Schoenwald, S. K., Henggeler, S. W., Brondino, M. J., & Rowland, M. D. (2000). Multisystemic Therapy: Monitoring treatment fidelity. Family Process, 39, 83–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2000.39109.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. *Schuhmann, E. M., Foote, R. C., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1998). Efficacy of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 34–45. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Schulz, K., Altman, D., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 340, 698–702. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. *Scott, S., Sylva, K., Doolan, M., Price, J., Jacobs, B., Crook, C., et al. (2010). Randomised controlled trial of parent groups for child antisocial behaviour targeting multiple risk factors: The SPOKES project. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 48–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02127.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Silverman, W. K., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2008). The second special issue on evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents: A 10-year update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 1–7. doi: 10.1080/15374410701817725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Smith, D. K., & Chamberlain, P. (2010). Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for adolescents. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 243–258). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  100. *Solomon, M., Ono, M., Timmer, S., & Goodlin-Jones, B. (2008). The effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for families of children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1767–1776. doi: 10.1007/s10803-008-0567-5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. *Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Daley, D., Thompson, M., Laver-Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 402–408. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200104000-00008.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. *Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Thompson, M., Daley, D., & Laver-Bradbury, C. (2004). Parent training for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Is it as effective when delivered as routine rather than as specialist care? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 449–457.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. *Springer, C., & Reddy, L. A. (2010). Measuring parental treatment adherence in a multimodal treatment program for children with ADHD: A preliminary investigation. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 32, 272–290. doi: 10.1080/07317107.2010.515522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. *Stambaugh, L. F., Mustillo, S. A., Burns, B. J., Stephens, R. L., Baxter, B., Edwards, D., et al. (2007). Outcomes from wrap-around and Multisystemic Therapy in a center for mental health services system-of-care demonstration site. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15, 143–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. *Sundell, K., Hansson, K., Löfholm, C. A., Olsson, T., Gustle, L.-H., & Kadesjö, C. (2008). The transportability of Multisystemic Therapy to Sweden: Short-term results from a randomized trial of conduct-disordered youths. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 550–560. doi: 10.1037/0012790.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. *Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2011). Accumulating evidence for Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in the prevention of child maltreatment. Child Development, 82, 177–192. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01548.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. *Thompson, M. J. J., Laver-Bradbury, C., Ayres, M., Le Poidevin, E., Mead, S., Dodds, C., et al. (2009). A small-scale randomized controlled trial of the revised new forest parenting programme for preschoolers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 605–616. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0020-0.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. *Turner, K. M. T., Richards, M., & Sanders, M. R. (2007). Randomised clinical trial of a group parent education programme for Australian indigenous families. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 43, 429–437. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01053.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  109. *van den Hoofdakker, B. J., Van der Veen-Mulders, L., Sytema, S., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Minderaa, R. B., & Nauta, M. H. (2007). Effectiveness of behavioral parent training for children with ADHD in routine clinical practice: A randomized controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1263–1271. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181354bc2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  110. *van der Oord, S., Prins, P. J. M., Oosterlaan, J., & Emmelkarnp, P. M. G. (2007). Does brief, clinically based, intensive multimodal behavior therapy enhance the effects of methylphenidate in children with ADHD? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 48–57. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0574-z.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  111. *Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 93. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.65.1.93.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Webster-Stratton, C., & Herman, K. C. (2010). Disseminating Incredible Years series early-intervention programs: Integrating and sustaining services between school and home. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 36–54. doi: 10.1002/pits20450.Google Scholar
  113. *Webster-Stratton, C. H., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. (2011). Combining parent and child training for young children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 191–203. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2011.546044.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M. J., & Hammond, M. (2004). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: Intervention outcomes for parent, child, and teacher training. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 105–124. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_11.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Weisz, J. R., Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2006). Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. American Psychologist, 61, 671. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.671.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. *Wells, K. C., & Egan, J. (1988). Social learning and systems family therapy for childhood oppositional disorder: Comparative treatment outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 138–146. doi: 10.1016/0010-440x(88)90006-5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. *Werba, B. E., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (2006). Predicting outcome in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: Success and attrition. Behavior Modification, 30, 618–646. doi: 10.1177/0145445504272977.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. *Wiggins, T. L., Sofronoff, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Pathways Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Effects on parent–child relationships and child behavior problems. Family Process, 48, 517–530. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01299.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. *Williford, A. P., & Shelton, T. L. (2008). Using mental health consultation to decrease disruptive behaviors in preschoolers: Adapting an empirically-supported intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 191–200. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01839.x.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Lauren L. Garbacz
    • 1
  • Dawn M. Brown
    • 1
  • Grace A. Spee
    • 1
  • Antonio J. Polo
    • 1
  • Karen S. Budd
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of PsychologyDePaul UniversityChicagoUSA

Personalised recommendations