Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy

, Volume 31, Issue 3, pp 255–267 | Cite as

Argatroban Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats by Reducing Fibrosis, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Protease-Activated Receptor Expression

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
First Online:

Abstract

Purpose

Chronic diabetes is associated with cardiovascular dysfunctions. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. Despite significant efforts in understanding the pathophysiology of DCM, management of DCM is not adequate due to its complex pathophysiology. Recently, involvement of protease-activated receptors (PARs) has been postulated in cardiovascular diseases. These receptors are activated by thrombin, trypsin, or other serine proteases. Expression of PAR has been shown to be increased in cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the role of PAR in DCM has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, in the present study, we have investigated the role of PAR in the condition of DCM using a pharmacological approach. We used argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor for targeting PAR.

Methods

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by high-fat feeding along with low dose streptozotocin (STZ 35 mg/kg, i.p. single dose) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 16 weeks of diabetes induction, animals were treated with argatroban at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg dose daily for 4 weeks. After 20 weeks, ventricular functions were measured using ventricular catheterization. Cardiac histology, TUNEL staining, and immunoblotting were performed to evaluate cardiac fibrosis, DNA fragmentation, and expression level of different proteins, respectively.

Results

T2DM was associated with cardiac structural and functional disturbances as evidenced from impaired cardiac functional parameters and increased fibrosis. There was a significant increase in PAR expression after 20 weeks of diabetes induction. Four weeks argatroban treatment ameliorated metabolic alterations (reduced plasma glucose and cholesterol), ventricular dysfunctions (improved systolic and diastolic functions), cardiac fibrosis (reduced percentage area of collagen in picro-sirius red staining), and apoptosis (reduced TUNEL positive nuclei). Reduced expression of PAR1 and PAR4 in the argatroban-treated group indicates a response towards inhibition of thrombin. In addition, AKT (Ser-473), GSK-3β (Ser-9), p-65 NFĸB phosphorylation, TGF-β, COX-2, and caspase-3 expression were reduced significantly along with an increase in SERCA expression in argatroban-treated diabetic rats which indicated the anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potential of argatroban in DCM.

Conclusion

This study suggests the ameliorative effects of argatroban in diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving ventricular functions and reducing fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and PAR expression.

Keywords

Diabetic cardiomyopathy Ventricular functions Fibrosis Protease activated receptors Argatroban 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial assistance from the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Govt. of India (Project ID: NPLC-SSSharma) for this work.

Compliance with Ethical Standard

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All the guidelines (national and institutional) for the care and use of animals were followed for conducting studies for this manuscript. Experimental protocol was approved (Protocol approval no. IAEC/14/63) by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, NIPER, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.

Informed Consent

Not required.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)Nagar (Mohali)India

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