Ethics, Diversity Management, and Financial Reporting Quality
- 1.5k Downloads
- 27 Citations
Abstract
This article proposes and empirically tests a theoretical framework incorporating Reidenbach and Robin’s (J Bus Ethics 10(4):273–284, 1991) conceptual model of corporate moral development. The framework is used to examine the relation between governance and business ethics, as proxied by diversity management (DM), and financial reporting quality, as proxied by the magnitude of earnings management (EM). The level of DM and governance quality are measured in accordance with the ratings of Jantzi Research (JR), a leading provider of social and governance research for institutional investors. This DM score is part of an index developed by JR that investment managers use to integrate DM criteria into their investment decisions. As expected, a negative relation between corporate DM development and financial reporting quality is found while controlling for other factors known in the literatures on governance and accounting choices to affect earnings quality. Despite some caveats presented in conclusion, this study contributes to the ethics, governance, and financial reporting literatures by studying the dynamics between governance and ethics in the prevention of EM.
Key words
ethics diversity diversity management governance financial reporting quality earnings management earnings qualityPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Adams, R. B. and D. Ferreira: 2008, ‘Women in the Boardroom and Their Impact on Governance and Performance’, Working paper, Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1107721
- Armstrong, C., P. C. Flood, J. P. Guthrie, W. Liu, S. Maccurtain and T. Mkamwa: 2008, New Models of High Performance Work Systems. The Business Case for Strategic HRM, Partnership and Diversity and Equality Systems (The Equality Authority and National Centre for Partnership and Performance)Google Scholar
- Betz, M., L. O’Connell and J. M. Shepard: 1989, ‘Gender differences in proclivity for unethical behaviour’, Journal of Business Ethics 8 (5), 321-324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bowen, R. M., S. Rajgopal and M. Venkatachalam: 2008, ‘Accounting Discretion, Corporate Governance and Firm Performance’, Contemporary Accounting Research 25(Summer), 351–405Google Scholar
- Bruns, W. J. Jr. and K. A. Merchant: 1990, ‘The dangerous morality of managing earnings’, Management Accounting 72 (2), 22-25.Google Scholar
- Burgstahler, D. and I. Dichev: 1997, ‘Earnings management to avoid decreases and losses’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 24, 99-126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bushee, B.: 1998, ‘The influence of institutional investors on myopic R&D investment behaviour’, The Accounting Review 73 (3), 305-333.Google Scholar
- Bushee, B. J., D. A. Matsumoto and G. S. Miller: 2003, ‘Open Versus Closed Conference Calls: The Determinants and Effects of Broadening Access to Disclosure’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 34(1), 149-180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Carter, D. A., F. D’Souza, B. J. Simkins and W. G. Simpson: 2008, ‘The Diversity of Corporate Board Committees and Financial Performance’, Working paper, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1106698
- Carter, D.A., B.J. Simkins and W.G. Simpson: 2003, ‘Corporate governance, board diversity and firm value’, The Financial Review 38, 33-53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chagnon, R., L. Lamarche and F. Tougas : 2004,’La loi canadienne sur l’équité en matière d’emploi et les femmes : Crier «Victoire»ou crier «Au loup…»?’, CJWL/RFD 16, 318-341.Google Scholar
- Clarkson, P. M., J. L. Kao and G. D. Richardson: 1999, ‘Evidence that Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is a Part of a Firm’s Overall Disclosure Package’, Contemporary Accounting Research 16(1), 111-134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clikeman, P. M., M. A. Geiger and B. T. O’Connell: 2001, ‘Student perceptions of earnings management: The effects of national origin and gender’, Teaching Business Ethics 5 (4), 389-410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, J. R., L. W. Pant and D. J. Sharp: 1998, ‘The effect of gender and academic discipline diversity on the ethical evaluations, ethical intentions and ethical orientation of potential public accounting recruits’, Accounting Horizons 12 (3), 250-270.Google Scholar
- Cox, T.: 1991, ‘The multicultural organization’, Academy of Management Executive 5(2), 34–47.Google Scholar
- Dallas, L. L.: 2002, ‘The New Managerialism and Diversity on Corporate Boards of Directors’, Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper 38(Spring) (University of San Diego School of Law), p. 30, http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=313425
- DeAngelo, E., H. DeAngelo and Skinner D.: 1994, ‘Accounting Choices of Trouble Companies’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 17(January), 113–143Google Scholar
- Dechow, P., R. Sloan and A. Sweeney: 1995, ‘Detecting earnings management’, The Accounting Review 70 (2), 193-225.Google Scholar
- Dempsy, S., H. Hunt and N. Schroeder: 1993, ‘Earnings Management and Corporate Ownership Structure: An Examination of Extraordinary Item Reporting’, Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting 20, 479–500Google Scholar
- DuCharme, L. L., P. H. Malatesta and S. E. Sefcik: 2004, ‘Earnings management, stock issues, and shareholder lawsuits’, Journal of Financial Economics 71 (1), 27-49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Flood, P., J. Guthrie, W. Liu and MacCurtain S.: 2005, High Performance Work Systems in Ireland: The Economic Case (National Centre for Partnership and Performance)Google Scholar
- Francis, B., I. Hasan, J. C. Park and Q. Wu: 2009, ‘Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision-Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism’, 2009 FMA Annual Meeting Program, October 21–24, Reno, NevadaGoogle Scholar
- Francoeur, C., R. Labelle and B. Sinclair-Desgagné: 2008, ‘Gender Diversity in Corporate Governance and Top Management’, Journal of Business Ethics 81(1), 83-95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gaa, J.: 2007, ‘The Ethics of Earnings Management: The Case of Income Smoothing’. Presentation, p. 37Google Scholar
- Gaver, J.J., K.M. Gaver and J.R. Austin: 1995, ‘Additional evidence on bonus plans and income management’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 19, 3 – 28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gelb, D.: 2000, ‘Corporate Signaling with Dividends, Stock Repurchases, and Accounting Disclosures: An Empirical Study’, Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 15(2), 99-120.Google Scholar
- Gilbert, J., B. Stead and J. Ivancevich: 1999, ‘Diversity Management, a new organisational paradigm’, Journal of Business Ethics 21(1), 61-76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Guay, W. R., S. P. Kothari and R. L. Watts: 1996, ‘A Market-Based Evaluation of Discretionary Accrual Models’, Journal of Accounting Research 34 (Supplement), 83-105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gul, F. A., B. Srinidhi and J. Tsui: 2007, ‘Do female directors enhance corporate board monitoring? Some evidence from earnings quality’, Working paper, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityGoogle Scholar
- He, L., R. Labelle, C. Piot and D. B. Thornton: 2009, ‘Board Monitoring, Audit Committee Effectiveness, and Financial Reporting Quality: Review and Synthesis of Empirical Evidence’, Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1159453
- Healy, P.M.: 1985, ‘The effect of bonus scheme on accounting decisions’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 7, 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Heninger, W. G.: 2001, ‘The association between auditor litigation and abnormal accruals’, The Accounting Review 76 (1), 111-126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Higgs, D.: 2003, ‘Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors’, On-line document from www.dti.gov.uk/cld/non_execs_review
- Hinz, R. P., D. D. McCarthy and J. A. Turner: 1997, ‘Are women conservative investors? Gender differences in participant-directed pension investments’, In Positioning Pensions for the Twenty-first Century, edited by M. G. Gordon, O. S. Mitchell and M. M. Twinney (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia), 91-103.Google Scholar
- Holthausen, R.W., D.F. Larcker and R.G. Sloan: 1995, ‘Annual bonus scheme and the manipulation of earnings’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 19, 29– 74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Huang, J. and D. J. Kisgen: 2008, ‘Gender Differences in Corporate Financial Decision making’, Unpublished working paper, Boston CollegeGoogle Scholar
- Huddart, S. and H. Louis: 2006, ‘Managerial stock sales and earnings management during the 1990s stock market bubble’, Unpublished working paper, The Smeal College of Business, The Pennsylvania State UniversityGoogle Scholar
- Hunton, J. E., R. Libby and C. L. Mazza: 2006, ‘Financial reporting transparency and earnings management’, The Accounting Review 81 (1), 135-158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- International Labour Office: 2006, ‘High Performance Work Research Project Case Studies’, Available at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/workplace/case/case_toc.htm
- Kaplan, S. E. and S. P. Ravenscroft: 2004, ‘The reputation effects of earnings management in the internal labor market’. Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (3), 453-478.Google Scholar
- Kasznik, R.: 1999, ‘On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management’, Journal of Accounting Research 37 (1), 57-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Klenke, K.: 2003, ‘Gender influences in decision-making processes in top management teams’, Management Decision 41 (10), 1024-1034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kohlberg, L.: 1984, The psychology of moral development (Harper & Row, San Francisco).Google Scholar
- Krishnan, G.V. and L.M. Parsons: 2008, ‘Getting to the Bottom Line: An exploration of Gender and Earnings Quality’, Journal of Business Ethics 78, 65-76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lambert, S. J.: 2000, ‘Added benefits: the link between work-life benefits and organisational citizenship behaviour’, Academy of Management Journal 43(5), 801-815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lang, M. H. and R. J. Lundholm: 1993, ‘Corporate Disclosure Policy and Analyst Behavior’, The Accounting Review 71 (4), 467-492.Google Scholar
- Levi, M., K. Li and F. Zhang: 2008, ‘Mergers and Acquisitions: The Role of Gender’, Unpublished working paper, University of British ColumbiaGoogle Scholar
- Mallin, C. A.: 2004, Corporate Governance (Oxford University Press, Oxford, OX, UK).Google Scholar
- Mard, Y. : 2004, ‘Les sociétés françaises cotées gèrent-elles leurs chiffres comptables afin d’éviter les pertes et les baisses de résultats’, Comptabilité Contrôle Audit 10(2), 73-98.Google Scholar
- Mason, E. S. and P. E. Mudrack: 1996, ‘Gender and ethical orientation: A test of gender and occupational socialization theories’, Journal of Business Ethics 15 (6), 599-604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Miller, F.A.: 1998, ‘Strategic culture change: the door to achieving high performance and inclusion’, Public Personnel Management 27(2), 151–160.Google Scholar
- Mohan, N.J., C.R. Chen: 2004, ‘Are IPOs Priced Differently Based upon Gender?’, Journal of Behavioral Finance 5, 57-65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Monks, R.A.G. and N. Minow: 2004, Corporate Governance, Third Edition (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, MA).Google Scholar
- Niu F.F.: 2006, ‘Corporate governance and the quality of accounting earnings: a Canadian perspective’, International Journal of Managerial Finance 2(4), 302-327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- O’Connell, P. and H. Russell: 2005, Equality at Work? – Workplace Equality Policies, Flexible Working Arrangements and the Quality of Work (The Equality Authority, Dublin), http://www.equality.ie/index.asp?locID=105&docID=269
- Park, Y.W. and H.H. Shin: 2004, ‘Board composition and earnings management in Canada’, Journal of Corporate Finance 10, 431-457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Piaget, J.: 1932/1962, The Moral Judgment of the Child (Collier, New York)Google Scholar
- Powell, M. and D. Ansic.: 1997, ‘Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis’, Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6), 605-628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reidenbach, R. E. and D. P. Robin: 1991, ‘A Conceptual Model of Corporate Moral Development’, Journal of Business Ethics 10 (4), 273-284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Riahi-Belkaoui, A.: 2003, ‘The impact of corporate social responsibility on the informativeness of earnings and accounting choices’, Advances in Environmental Accounting and Management 2, 121-136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Riley, W. B. and K. V. Chow: 1992, ‘Asset Allocation and Individual Risk Aversion’, Financial Analyst Journal 48(November/December), 32–37Google Scholar
- Smith, N., V. Smith and M. Verner: 2006, ‘Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 55(7), 569-593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sunden, A. E. and B. J. Surette: 1998, ‘Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans’, The American Economic Review 88(2), 207–211Google Scholar
- Thomas, R.R.: 1991, ‘Beyond Race and Gender: Unleashing the Power of Your Total Work Force by Managing Diversity’, American Management Association: New York.Google Scholar
- Thomas, R.: 1992, ‘Managing diversity: A conceptual framework’, In S.E Jackson (Ed.), Diversity in the Workplace: Human ResourcesTnitiatives (Guilford, New York), 13-35.Google Scholar
- TIAA-CREF: 1997, TIAA-CREF policy statement on corporate governance (New York)Google Scholar
- Trinidad, C. and A. H. Normore: 2005,’Leadership and gender: a dangerous liaison?’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal 26 (7), 574-590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Warfield, T. D., J. J. Wild and K. L. Wild: 1995, ‘Managerial ownership, accounting choices, and informativeness of earnings’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 20(1), 61–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watts, R.L. and J.L. Zimmerman: 1986, Positive accounting theory (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs).Google Scholar
- Zmijewski, M. and R. Hagerman: 1981, ‘An income strategy approach to the positive theory of accounting standard setting/choice’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 3, 129-149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar