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Contrasting behavior of nitrate and phosphate flux from high flow events on small agricultural and urban watersheds

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Abstract

Soluble nutrient flux is increasingly implicated in the degradation of receiving water quality. With high-frequency sensors, river discharge along with nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations were collected over 2 years. We examined how storms (16 events) affected the dissolved nutrient flux in two watersheds with contrasting landcover—urban and agricultural. The adjacent watersheds, both < 7 km2, had very similar soil, slope, relief, and physiography. Wastewater is conveyed outside of the watersheds minimizing this nutrient source. Cumulative nitrate and orthophosphate fluxes in the agricultural watershed were substantially higher than the urban watershed. In both watersheds, a disproportionate amount of discharge, higher orthophosphate concentrations and flux occurred during the highest flow events—approximately 50–70% of flux occurring in the highest 5% of daily discharge. The nitrate flux was dampened compared to discharge during storm events. Baseflow accounted for 66% of the nitrate flux and had higher or comparable concentrations than storm events. The pattern of flux and concentration within storm events also differed for the two solutes. Nitrate exhibited positive hysteresis (higher concentrations on the rising limb of the hydrograph) and magnification of flux during the first flush of storm runoff. In contrast, orthophosphate concentrations were lower on the rising limb and flux during the first flush of storm runoff was dampened. In addition to targeting source reductions, orthophosphate flux may require runoff reducing strategies (i.e., enhanced infiltration) from large runoff events. First flush stormwater management practices combined with enhancement/protection of groundwater nitrate sinks (e.g., riparian wetlands) may help reduce nitrate fluxes.

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Abbreviations

FI :

Flushing index

Fq x :

% of total flux that occurs during the highest x% of daily discharge values

HI :

Hysteresis index

M x :

% of total flux that occurs during the highest x% of daily flux values

MFF x :

Mass first flush ratio, the ratio of the proportion of total flux to the proportion of total discharge (x)

Q :

Discharge

Q x :

Daily discharge that is exceeded x% of the yearly daily discharge values

W x :

% of total discharge that occurs during the highest x% of daily discharge values

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Acknowledgements

We thank the undergraduate and graduate students who were instrumental in installing and maintaining the water quality sensors in the field, collecting grab and storm samples, and conducting QA/QC of the data: Joseph Loffredo, Wyndom Chace, Mason Garfield, Nicole Stevens-Murphy, Matthew Wallace, Matt Dunn, Frances Vazques, Jon Aguire, Josh Sargent and Ian Armitstead. We thank Britta Chambers and Valerie Preler for watershed delineation and refinements to land use coverages and Josh Sawyer and David Gold for their assistance with statistical analyses. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under RI EPSCoR NEWRnet Grant No. IIA-1330406 and by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Multistate Hatch S-1063 (Project Accession No. 1005742).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, One Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA

    Sarah Frazar, Arthur J. Gold, Kelly Addy & D. Q. Kellogg

  2. Irstea, UR RiverLy, Lyon, France

    Florentina Moatar

  3. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

    François Birgand

  4. Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    Andrew W. Schroth

  5. Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Soni M. Pradhanang

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  1. Sarah Frazar
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Correspondence to Arthur J. Gold.

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Frazar, S., Gold, A.J., Addy, K. et al. Contrasting behavior of nitrate and phosphate flux from high flow events on small agricultural and urban watersheds. Biogeochemistry 145, 141–160 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00596-z

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