Biogeochemistry

, 92:95 | Cite as

Evolution of lipid abundance and molecular composition during the podzolisation of laterites in the upper Amazon basin

Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

In the upper Amazon basin, podzolisation involves the remobilization of large amounts of organic matter and chemical elements (Fe, Al, Si) previously accumulated in lateritic formations. In order to better understand the fate of organic matter in podzolic environments in this area, the evolution of lipid abundance and molecular composition were studied along a representative soil sequence showing the transition between a latosol and a well-developed podzol. Total solvent extracts were obtained from eight key soil samples from three profiles and their overlying litters, and enable us to follow both lateral and vertical evolutions. Lipid composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major compound classes include alkanes, alkanones, alkanols, alkanoic acids, ω-hydroxyacids, as well as aromatics, steroids and triterpenoids. Free lipids do not accumulate in the early stages of podzolisation but are abundant in well-developed podzolic horizons, possibly due to (i) combined acidity and waterlogging, (ii) limited amounts of complexing elements, (iii) a decreased microbial activity. The evolution of lipid composition is consistent with podzolisation mechanisms previously highlighted in the sequence. This paper provides further evidence for the occurrence of anoxic conditions in deep waterlogged podzolic horizons. It also shows that aromatic, phytotoxic compounds are stabilized in the well-developed podzol. This may play a role in the vegetation changes associated with podzolisation in the area.

Keywords

Amazon basin Podzols Soil organic matter Lipids 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by CNRS-INSU «Ecosphère continentale» programme. We thank Chris Swanston, Ron Smernik, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on the manuscript.

References

  1. Allan J, Douglas AG (1977) Variations in the content and distribution of n-alkanes in a series of Carboniferous vitrinites and sporinites of bituminous rank. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 41:1223–1230. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90068-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Allard B (2006) A comparative study on the chemical composition of humic acids from forest soil, agricultural soil and lignite deposit: Bound lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid distributions. Geoderma 130:77–96. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Amblès A, Jacquesy R, Jambu P, Joffre J, Fustec E (1985) Influence du fer sur la dynamique des lipides en milieu hydromorphe acide. Agrochimica 29:199–209Google Scholar
  4. Amblès A, Magnoux P, Jambu P, Jacquesy R, Fustec E (1989a) Effects of addition of bentonite on the hydrocarbon fraction of a podzol soil (A1 horizon). J Soil Sci 40:685–694. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1989.tb01309.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Amblès A, Jambu P, Ntsikoussalabongui B (1989b) Evolution des lipides naturels d’un podzol forestier induite par l’apport d’engrais minéraux: hydrocarbures, cétones, alcools. Sci Sol 27:201–214Google Scholar
  6. Amblès A, Jacquesy JC, Jambu P, Joffre J, Maggi-Churin R (1991) Polar lipid fractionin soil: a kerogen-like matter. Org Geochem 17:341–349. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90097-4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Amblès A, Jambu P, Jacquesy JC, Parlanti E, Secouet B (1993) Changes in the ketone portion of lipidic components during the decomposition of plant debris in a hydromorphic forest-podzol. Soil Sci 156:49–56. doi: 10.1097/00010694-199307000-00007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Amblès A, Jambu P, Parlanti E, Joffre J, Riffe C (1994a) Incorporation of natural monoacids from plant residues into an hydromorphic forest podzol. Eur J Soil Sci 45:175–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1994.tb00499.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Amblès A, Parlanti E, Jambu P, Mayoungou P, Jacquesy JC (1994b) n-Alkane oxidation in soil Formation of internal monoalkenes. Geoderma 64:111–124. doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(94)90092-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Amblès A, Colina-Tejada A, Jambu P, Lemée L, Parlanti E (1998) Experimental leaching of podzol soil lipids. Nature and biological origin of water soluble components. Agrochimica 42:158–171Google Scholar
  11. Amundson R (2001) The carbon budget in soils. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 29:535–562. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Anderson AB (1981) White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13:199–210. doi: 10.2307/2388125 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Bardy M (2008) Evolution des matières organiques au cours de la podzolisation des latérites du haut basin amazonien (site du Jaú, Brésil). PhD thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, ParisGoogle Scholar
  14. Bardy M, Bonhomme C, Fritsch E, Maquet J, Hajjar R, Allard T et al (2007) Al speciation in tropical Podzols of the upper Amazon basin: a solid-state 27Al MAS and MQMAS NMR study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:3211–3222. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.024 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Bardy M, Fritsch E, Derenne S, Allard T, do Nascimento NR, Bueno GT (2008) Micromorphology and spectroscopic characteristics of organic matter in waterlogged podzols of the upper Amazon basin. Geoderma 145:222–230. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Brooks PW, Maxwell JR, Patience RL (1978) Stereochemical relationships between phytol and phytanic acid, dihydrophytol and C18 ketone in recent sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:1175–1180. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90112-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Bull ID, van Bergen PF, Nott CJ, Poulton PR, Evershed RP (2000) Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments–V. The fate of lipids in different long-term experiments. Org Geochem 31:389–408. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00008-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Chaffee AL, Johns RB (1983) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:2141–2155. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90039-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Cranwell PA, Eglinton G, Robinson N (1987) Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments–II. Org Geochem 11:513–527. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90007-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Dachs J, Bayona JM, Fowler SW, Miquel JC, Albaigés J (1998) Evidence for cyanobacterial inputs and heterotrophic alteration of lipids in sinking particles in the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean). Mar Chem 60:189–201. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00105-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Dickens AF, Gudeman JA, Gélinas Y, Baldock JA, Tinner W, Sheng Hu F et al (2007) Sources and distribution of CuO-derived benzene carboxylic acids in soils and sediments. Org Geochem 38:1256–1276. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.04.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Dinel H, Schnitzer M, Mehuys GR (1990) Soil lipids: origin, nature, content, decomposition, and effect on soil physical properties. In: Bollag JM, Stotzky G (eds) Soil biochemistry, vol 6. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 397–423Google Scholar
  23. do Nascimento NR, Bueno GT, Fritsch E, Herbillon AJ, Allard T, Melfi AJ et al (2004) Podzolization as a deferralitization process: a study of an Acrisol-Podzol sequence derived from Palaeozoic sandstones in the northern upper Amazon basin. Eur J Soil Sci 55:523–538. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00616.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. do Nascimento NR, Fritsch E, Bueno GT, Bardy M, Grimaldi C, Melfi AJ (2008) Podzolisation as a deferralitisation process: dynamics and chemistry of ground and surface waters in an Acrisol-Podzol sequence of the upper Amazon basin. Eur J Soil Sci (in press). doi: 10.1111/j.1356-2389.2008.01049.x
  25. Dubroeucq D, Volkoff B (1998) From oxisols to spodosols and histosols: evolution of the soil mantles in the Rio Negro basin (Amazonia). Catena 32:245–280. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(98)00045-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Duchaufour P (2001) Introduction à la science du sol: sol, végétation, environnement. Dunod, ParisGoogle Scholar
  27. Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967) Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156:1322–1335. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3780.1322 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Eswaran H, van den Berg E, Reich P (1993) Organic carbon in soils of the world. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:192–194Google Scholar
  29. Filley TR, Cody GD, Goodell B, Jellison J, Noser C, Ostrofsky A (2002) Lignin demethylation and polysaccharide decomposition in spruce sapwood degraded by brown rot fungi. Org Geochem 33:111–124. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00144-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Filley TR, Nierop KGJ, Wang Y (2006) The contribution of polyhydroxyl aromatic compounds to tetramethylammonium hydroxide lignin-based proxies. Org Geochem 37:711–727. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.01.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Frysinger GS, Gaines RB, Xu L, Reddy CM (2003) Resolving the unresolved complex mixture in petroleum-contaminated sediments. Environ Sci Technol 37:1653–1662. doi: 10.1021/es020742n CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Fustec-Mathon E, Righi D, Jambu P (1975) Influence des bitumes extraits de podzols humiques hydromorphes des Landes du Médoc sur la microflore tellurique. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 12:393–404Google Scholar
  33. Fustec E, Mouçawi J, Jambu P, Amblès A, Jacquesy R (1985) Principaux facteurs influençant l’évolution des lipides végétaux dans le sol. Agrochimica 29:174–185Google Scholar
  34. Garrigues P, Saptorahardjo A, Gonzalez C, Wehrung P, Albrecht P, Saliot A et al (1986) Biogeochemical aromatic markers in the sediments from Mahakam Delta (Indonesia). Org Geochem 10:959–964. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80033-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Gobé V, Lemée L, Amblès A (2000) Structure elucidation of soil macromolecular lipids by preparative pyrolysis and thermochemolysis. Org Geochem 31:409–419. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00009-7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Gomes AO, Azevedo DA (2003) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical recent sediments of Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. J Braz Chem Soc 14:358–368. doi: 10.1590/S0103-50532003000300004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Greiner AC, Spyckerelle C, Albrecht P, Ourisson G (1977) Hydrocarbures aromatiques d’origine géologique V- Dérivés mono- et di-aromatiques du hopane. J Chem Res (M):3828–3836Google Scholar
  38. Haack SK, Garchow H, Odelson DA, Forney LJ, Klug MJ (1994) Accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of model bacterial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2483–2493Google Scholar
  39. Han J, Calvin M (1969) Hydrocarbon distribution of algae and bacteria, and microbiological activity in sediments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 64:436–443. doi: 10.1073/pnas.64.2.436 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Ikan R, Baedecker MJ, Kaplan IR (1975) Thermal alteration experiments on organic matter in recent marine sediments-II. Isoprenoids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39:187–194. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(75)90170-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Jacob J, Disnar JR, Boussafir M, Spadano Albuquerque AL, Sifeddine A, Turcq B (2005) Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers in recent lacustrine sediments (Lagoa do Caçό, Brazil). Org Geochem 36:449–461. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.09.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Jacob J, Disnar JR, Boussafir M, Spadano Albuquerque AL, Sifeddine A, Turcq B (2007) Contrasted distributions of triterpene derivatives in the sediments of Lake Caçό reflect paleoenvironmental changes during the last 20, 000 yrs in NE Brazil. Org Geochem 38:180–197. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.10.007 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Jaffé R, Elismé T, Cabrera AC (1996) Organic geochemistry of seasonally flooded rain forest soils: molecular composition and early diagenesis of lipid components. Org Geochem 25:9–17. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00103-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Jaffé R, Rushdi AI, Medeiros PM, Simoneit BRT (2006) Natural product biomarkers as indicators of sources and transport of sedimentary organic matter in a subtropical river. Chemosphere 64:1870–1884. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.048 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Jalal MAF, Read DJ (1983) The organic acid composition of Calluna heathland soil with special reference to phyto- and fungitoxicity I. Isolation and identification of organic acids. Plant Soil 70:257–272. doi: 10.1007/BF02374785 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Jambu P, Fustec E, Jacquesy R (1978) Les lipides des sols: nature, origine, évolution, propriétés. Sci Sol 4:229–240Google Scholar
  47. Jambu P, Mouçawi J, Fustec E, Amblès A, Jacquesy R (1985) Inter-relation entre le pH et la nature des composés lipidiques du sol: étude comparée d’une rendzine et d’un sol lessivé glossique. Agrochimica 29:186–198Google Scholar
  48. Jambu P, Amblès A, Dinel H, Secouet B (1991) Incorporation of natural hydrocarbons from plant residues into an hydromorphic humic podzol following afforestation and fertilization. J Soil Sci 42:629–636. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00109.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Jambu P, Amblès A, Jacquesy JC, Secouet B, Parlanti E (1993) Incorporation of natural alcohols from plant residues into hydromorphic forest-podzol. J Soil Sci 44:135–146. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb00440.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Jansen B, Nierop KGJ, Hageman JA, Cleef AM, Verstraten JM (2006) The straight-chain lipid biomarker composition of plant species responsible for the dominant biomass production along two altitudinal transects in the Ecuadorian Andes. Org Geochem 37:1514–1536. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2006.06.018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Kolattukudy PE (1980) Biopolyester membranes of plants: cutin and suberin. Science 208:990–1000. doi: 10.1126/science.208.4447.990 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Kolattukudy PE, Croteau R, Buckner JS (1976) Chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes. Elsevier Science Publisher, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  53. Laflamme RE, Hites RA (1979) Tetra- and pentacyclic, naturally-occuring, aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1687–1691. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90188-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Lundström US, van Breemen N, Bain D (2000) The podzolization process. A review. Geoderma 94:91–107. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00036-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Morrison RI (1969) Soil lipids. In: Eglinton G, Murphy MTJ (eds) Organic geochemistry: methods and results. Springer, Berlin, pp 558–575Google Scholar
  56. Mouçawi J, Fustec E, Jambu P, Jacquesy R (1981) Decomposition of lipids in soils: free and esterified fatty acids, alcohols and ketones. Soil Biol Biochem 13:461–468. doi: 10.1016/0038-0717(81)90035-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Naafs DFW, van Bergen PF, Boogert SJ, de Leeuw JW (2004a) Solvent-extractable lipids in an acid andic forest soil; variations with depth and season. Soil Biol Biochem 36:297–308. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.10.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Naafs DFW, van Bergen PF, de Jong MA, Oonincx A, de Leeuw JW (2004b) Total lipid extracts from characteristic soil horizons in a podzol profile. Eur J Soil Sci 55:657–669. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00633.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Nguyen Tu TT, Derenne S, Largeau C, Marriotti A, Bocherens H, Pons D (2000) Effects of fungal infection on lipid extract composition of higher plant remains: comparison of shoots of a Cenomanian conifer, uninfected and infected extinct fungi. Org Geochem 31:1743–1754. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00077-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Nguyen Tu TT, Derenne S, Largeau C, Mariotti A, Bocherens H (2001) Evolution of the chemical composition of Ginkgo biloba external and internal leaf lipids through senescence and litter formation. Org Geochem 32:45–55. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00152-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Nguyen Tu TT, Egasse C, Zeller B, Derenne S (2007) Chemotaxonomical investigations of fossil and extant beeches. I. Leaf lipids from the extant Fagus sylvatica L. C R Palevol. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2007.09.005
  62. Nierop KGJ, Naafs DFW, van Bergen PF (2005) Origin, occurrence and fate of extractable lipids in Dutch coastal dune soils along a pH gradient. Org Geochem 36:555–566. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.11.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Nierop KGJ, Buurman P (2007) Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of organic matter in two allophonic volcanic ash soils from the Azores Islands. In: Arnalds Ó, Óskarsson H, Bartoli F, Buurman P, Stoops G, García-Rodeja E (eds) Soils of volcanic regions in Europe. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 411–422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Otto A, Simpson MJ (2005) Degradation and preservation of vascular plant-derived biomarkers in grassland and forest soils from Western Canada. Biogeochemistry 74:377–409. doi: 10.1007/s10533-004-5834-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Pereira AS, Siqueira DS, Elias VO, Simoneit BRT, Cabral JA, Aquino Neto FR (2002) Three series of high molecular weight alkanoates found in Amazonian plants. Phytochem 61:711–719. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00348-5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Philp RP (1985) Fossil fuel biomarkers—application and spectra. Methods in geochemistry and geophysics 23. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 169Google Scholar
  67. Quénéa K, Derenne S, Largeau C, Rumpel C, Mariotti A (2004) Variation in lipid relative abundance and composition among different particle size fractions of a forest soil. Org Geochem 35:1355–1370Google Scholar
  68. Quénéa K, Largeau C, Derenne S, Spaccini R, Bardoux G, Mariotti A (2006) Molecular and isotopic study of lipids in particle size fractions of a sandy cultivated soil (Cestas cultivation sequence, southwest France): sources, degradation, and comparison with Cestas forest soil. Org Geochem 37:20–44. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.08.021 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Quirk MM, Wardroper AM, Wheatley RE, Maxwell JR (1984) Extended hopanoids in peat environments. Chem Geol 42:25–43. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(84)90003-2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Rieley G, Collier RJ, Jones DM, Eglinton G (1991) The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake U.K.-I. Sorce correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record. Org Geochem 17:901–912. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90031-E CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Ries-Kautt M (1986) Etude des lipides dans divers types de sols: aspects moléculaires. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Louis Pasteur, StrasbourgGoogle Scholar
  72. Robinson N, Eglinton G (1990) Lipid chemistry of Icelandic hot spring microbial mats. Org Geochem 15:291–298. doi: 10.1016/0146-6380(90)90007-M CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Rullkötter J, Peakman TM, ten Lo Haven H (1994) Early diagenesis of terrigenous triterpenoids and its implications for petroleum geochemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 21:215–233Google Scholar
  74. Simoneit BRT, Elias VO, Kobayashi M, Kawamura K, Rushdi AI, Medeiros PM et al (2004) Sugars—dominant water-soluble organic compounds in soils and characterization as tracers in atmospheric particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 38:5939–5949. doi: 10.1021/es0403099 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Sinninghe-Damsté JS, van Duin ACT, Hollander D, Kohnen MEL, de Leeuw JW (1995) Early diagenesis of bacteriohopanepolyol derivatives: Formation of fossil homohopanoids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:5141–5157. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00338-X CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Stevenson FJ (1966) Lipids in soil. J Am Oil Chemists’ Soc 43:203–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Sweeley CC, Bentley R, Makita M, Wells WW (1963) Gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of sugars and related substances. J Am Chem Soc 84:2497–2507. doi: 10.1021/ja00899a032 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Trendel J (1985) Dégradation de triterpènes dans les sédiments—aspects photochimiques et microbiologiques. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Louis Pasteur, StrasbourgGoogle Scholar
  79. van Bergen PF, Bull ID, Poulton PR, Evershed RP (1997) Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments—I. Total lipid extracts, solvent insoluble residues and humic acids from Broadbalk Wilderness. Org Geochem 26:117–135. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00134-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. van Bergen PF, Nott CJ, Bull ID, Poulton PR, Evershed RP (1998) Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments—IV Preliminary results from a study of the effect of soil pH on organic matter decay. Org Geochem 29:1779–1795. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00188-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. van Dorsselaer A (1975) Triterpènes de sédiments. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Louis Pasteur, StrasbourgGoogle Scholar
  82. Wang TS (1969) Soil organic matter as cause of increased soil productivity or otherwise phytotoxicity. Int Rice Comm Newsl 18:23–26Google Scholar
  83. Weete JD (1974) Fungal lipid biochemistry. Plenum Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  84. Wiesenberg GLB, Schwarzbauer J, Schmidt MWI, Schwark L (2004) Source and turnover of organic matter in agricultural soils derived from n-alkane/n-carboxylic acid compositions and C-isotope signatures. Org Geochem 35:1371–1393Google Scholar
  85. Young LY, Frazer AC (1987) The fate of lignin and lignin-derived compounds in anaerobic environments. Geomicrobiol J 5:261–293CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Zelles L (1999) Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterization of microbial communities in soil: a review. Biol Fertil Soils 29:111–129. doi: 10.1007/s003740050533 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Zhu H, Mallik AU (1994) Interactions between Kalmia and black spruce: Isolation and identification of allelopathic compounds. J Chem Ecol 20:407–421. doi: 10.1007/BF02064447 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  • Marion Bardy
    • 1
    • 2
  • Sylvie Derenne
    • 1
  • Emmanuel Fritsch
    • 2
    • 3
  1. 1.BIOEMCOCNRS UMR 7618, INRA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, INA-PGParis Cedex 05France
  2. 2.Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés (IMPMC)CNRS UMR 7590, Universités Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, IPGPParisFrance
  3. 3.UMR 161 CEREGEInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)Aix-en-Provence CedexFrance

Personalised recommendations