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The key role of protection status in safeguarding the ecological functions of some Neotropical mammals

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Abstract

Protected areas can mediate negative effects of habitat loss and human-related pressures on key ecological groups. However, different protected area categories can vary substantially in their degree of enforcement, which may ensure different levels of effectiveness for biodiversity protection. Because little attempt has been made to quantify this, we investigated the protection effectiveness of different levels of protection (low, intermediate, and high) in maintaining the ecological functions of mammalian species. We assessed this on a selection of five species with varying ecological functions: nine-banded armadillo (insectivore), paca (seed disperser), tayra (omnivore), ocelot (carnivore), and collared peccary (seed predator). Their occupancy probability and the integrity of their ecological functions were estimated and spatialized across landscapes at all protection levels (low, intermediate, and high). In addition, we estimated how many of these species were maintained in each protection status using a minimum of 35% occupancy threshold for each. Our results indicated that higher protection statuses can hold more ecological functions of these mammalian species than areas with lower protection levels. Ocelot and paca heavily relied on areas with higher protection, which can impact the overall ecosystem functioning and ecological services of less protected areas, since these are species performing unique roles in our landscape (mixed-sized prey carnivory and large-sized seed dispersal, respectively). Our study suggests that the degrees of protection can influence the area effectiveness in maintaining certain mammalian species and their ecological functions and ecosystem services. Therefore, management strategies and degree of enforcement should be carefully planned when assigning areas for conservation to ensure the conservation of more sensitive species and preserve more ecological functions.

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Adapted from Nagy-Reis et al. (2017b). (Color figure online)

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Jundiaí City Hall and all private owners for permission to conduct this project at Serra do Japi, and to Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; Grant 2013/07162-6), and Idea Wild for their financial and equipment support. We are also grateful to J. E. Hines and J. D. Nichols for assisting in our data analysis; V. H. Iwakami, C. A. Estevo, Traldi family, and Benê for assisting during data collection. The Brazilian Science Council (CNPq) provided a research Grant to AGC (process 305902/2014-8). MCR has been continuously supported by Grants and scholarships from CNPq (process 303101/2017-2) and FAPESP (Grant 2013/50421-2). Megan King, a native English speaker from British Columbia, CA, proofread the manuscript.

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  1. Mariana B. Nagy-Reis

    Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Bertrand Russel, 1505, mailbox: 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Mariana B. Nagy-Reis & Eleonore Z. F. Setz

  2. Department of Ecology, Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC), Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil

    Milton Cezar Ribeiro

  3. Department of Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirante, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil

    Adriano G. Chiarello

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  1. Mariana B. Nagy-Reis
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Nagy-Reis, M.B., Ribeiro, M.C., Setz, E.Z.F. et al. The key role of protection status in safeguarding the ecological functions of some Neotropical mammals. Biodivers Conserv 28, 2599–2613 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01783-y

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