Bird demographic responses to predator removal programs

Jennifer L. Lavers; Chris Wilcox; C. Josh Donlan

doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9776-x

Biological Invasions

November 2010, Volume 12, Issue 11, pp 3839–3859 | Cite as

Bird demographic responses to predator removal programs

Authors
Authors and affiliations

Jennifer L. LaversEmail author
Chris Wilcox
C. Josh Donlan

Original Paper

First Online: 05 June 2010

Received: 03 July 2009

Accepted: 14 May 2010

1 Shares
708 Downloads
40 Citations

Abstract

Invasive predators pose a significant risk to bird populations worldwide. Humans have a long history of removing predators from ecosystems; current island restoration actions typically focus on the removal of invasive predators, such as non-native rodents, from seabird breeding islands. While not overly abundant, the results of predator removal studies provide valuable information on the demographic response of birds, and can assist conservation practitioners with prioritizing invasive predator removal projects. We review such studies focusing on observed demographic responses of bird populations to predator removal campaigns and whether ecological factors are useful in predicting those responses. From the 800+ predator removal programs indentified, a small fraction (n = 112) reported demographic responses of bird populations. Change in productivity was the most commonly reported response, which on average increased by 25.3% (2.5 SE) with predator removal. The best supported model for predicting the change in productivity from predator removal incorporated bird body mass, egg mass, predator type, nest type and an interaction term for body mass and nest type (AIC_c weight = 0.457). The predicted percent increase in productivity resulting from hypothetical predator removal ranged from 16.9 to 63.0% (mean = 45.0, 5.6 SE), and was lowest for large, surface nesting birds such as albatrosses. The predicted increase in productivity resulting from predator removal alone was insufficient to reverse the predicted population decline for 30–67% of bird species considered, suggesting that in many cases, removal of predators must be performed in combination with other conservation actions in order to ensure a stable or increasing population.

Keywords

Eradication benefits Island restoration Invasive predator Population recovery Predator control

This is a preview of subscription content, to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was conducted as a part of the ‘Exploring compensatory mitigation and markets as mechanisms for resolving fisheries bycatch and biodiversity conservation conflicts’ Working Group supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a Center funded by NSF (Grant #DEB-0553768), the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California. We would like to thank A. Bond and P. Dunstan for their insightful comments and guidance on earlier versions of this manuscript. Financial support for this project was provided by the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Programme and an Endeavour Research Fellowship from the Government of Australia. Funding for CJD was provided by the Alcoa Foundation, the Switzer Foundation, Resources for the Future, and Cornell University.

Appendix 1

See Table 4.

Table 4

Summary of published studies reporting the demographic response of birds to the control or eradication of predators (including multi-predator studies)

Family	Species	Body mass (g)^a	Egg mass (g)^b	Nest type	Predator(s)	Par	Eradication		S _j	S _a	Source(s)
Family	Species	Body mass (g)^a	Egg mass (g)^b	Nest type	Predator(s)	Par	Pre	Post	S _j	S _a	Source(s)
Procellaridae	Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea	197	42	NS	Feral cat Felis catus	P _a	0.24	0.64			Cooper et al. (1995)
	White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis	1,335	134	NS	Feral cat	P _a	0.55	0.86			van Rensburg and Bester (1988)
					Feral cat	P _a	0.36	0.22			Cooper et al. (1995)
					Norway rat Rattus norvegicus, black rat R. rattus	P _a	0.48	0.69			Jouventin et al. (2003)
	Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea	840	99	NS	Black rat	P _a	0.43	0.86	0.88	0.92	Mougin et al. (2000) and Towns et al. (2006)
					Black rat	P _a	0.47	0.85			Lorvelec and Pascal (2005)
					Black rat	P _a	0.48	0.89			Igual et al. (2006)
					House mouse Mus musculus, rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus	P _a	0.41	0.55			Zino et al. (2008)
					Black rat	P _a	0.33	0.49			Thibault (1995)
					Black rat	P _a	0.18	0.67			Amengual and Aguilar (1998)
	Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus	803	95	NS	Weka Gallirallus australis, black rat	P _a	0.83	0.77	0.85	0.95	Clucas et al. (2008), Harper (2007) and Jones (2002)
	Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris	619	89	NS	Sheep Ovis aries	P _a	0.51	0.50			Norman (1970)
	Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas	405	52	NS	Feral cat	A _m	0.16	0.01			Keitt and Tershy (2003) and Keitt et al. (2002)
	Audubon’s Shearwater Puffinus l’herminieri	163	29	NS	Black rat	P _a	0.45	0.86			Pascal et al. (2008)
					Black rat	P _a	0.00	0.75			Pascal et al. (2004)
	Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis	156	32	NS	Polynesian rat Rattus exulans	P _a	0.24	0.62			Pierce (2002)
	Galapagos Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia	408	56	NS	Black rat	P _a	0.30	0.72			Cruz and Cruz (1987)
	Zino’s Petrel Pterodroma madeira	204	37	NS	Black rat, feral cat	P _a	0.08	0.51			Zino et al. (2001)
	Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera	587	81	NS	Feral cat	P _a	0.16	0.64			Cooper et al. (1995)
					Feral cat	P _a	0.08	0.54			van Rensburg and Bester (1988)
	Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma m. gouldi	668	80	NS	Norway rat^c	P _a	0.13	0.37			Imber et al. (2000)
	Pycroft’s Petrel Pterodroma pycrofti	146	32	NS	Polynesian rat	P _a	0.33	0.60			Pierce (2002)
	Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma cookii	179	41	NS	Polynesian rat, feral cat^d	P _a	0.49	0.75			Imber et al. (2003)
	Bonin Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca	176	39	NS	Black rat, house mouse^e	P _a	0.47	0.82			Seto and Conant (1996)
	Salvin’s Prion Pachyptila vittata salvini	162	35	NS	Feral cat	P _a	0.47	0.66			van Rensburg and Bester (1988)
Phaethontidae	Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda	624	77	S	Polynesian rat	P _a	0.20	0.26	0.47	0.85	Fleet (1972), Schreiber and Schreiber (1993) and Schreiber et al. (2001)
Phaethontidae	White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus	334	43	S	Many, primarily black rat	P _a	0.30	0.42			Schaffner (1991)
Anatidae	Black Brant Branta b. nigricans	1,230	100	S	Arctic fox Alopex lagopus	P _a	0.64	0.82	0.23	0.84	Anthony et al. (1991) and Ward et al. (1997, 2004)
	Mallard Anas platyrhynchos	1,029	52	S	Many, primarily red fox Vulpes vulpes	P _a	0.36	0.57	0.61	0.55	Drilling et al. (2002) and Pearse and Ratti (2004)
					Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.63	0.93			Duebbert and Lokemoen (1980)
					Many, primarily striped skunk Mephitis mephitis	P _a	0.14	0.39			LaGrange et al. (1995)
	Blue-winged Teal Anas discors	387	28	S	Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.14	0.30	0.38^f	0.55	Rohwer et al. (2002) and LaGrange et al. (1995)
	Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata	613	38	S	Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.23	0.63			Sargeant et al. (1974)
	Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos	775	62	S	Many, primarily stoat Mustela erminea	P _a	0.10	0.54			Whitehead et al. (2008)
						S _j	0.00	0.49
						S _j	0.81	0.69
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.24	0.68			Balser et al. (1968)
	Ducks^g				Striped skunk, Franklin’s ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii	P _a	0.03	0.15			Greenwood (1986)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.17	0.54			Lokemoen and Woodward (1993)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.06	0.14			Sargeant et al. (1995)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.60	0.89			Duebbert and Kantrund (1974)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.25	0.07			Meckstroth and Miles (2005)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.06	0.81			Greenwood et al. (1990)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.30	0.58			Lokemoen et al. (1982)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.08	0.60			Lokemoen et al. (1987)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides	P _a	0.62	0.61			Kauhala (2004)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.10	0.33			Doty and Rondeau (1987)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily raccoon Procyon lotor	P _a	0.20	0.54			Rohwer et al. (1997)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.26	0.55			Garretson et al. (1996)
	Ducks^g				Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.29	0.53			Chodachek and Chamberlain (2006)
	Ducks^g				American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos	P _a	0.07	0.12			Clark et al. (1995)
	Ducks^g and Sharp-tailed Grouse Pedioecetes phasianellus				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.20	0.50			Sargeant et al. (1974)
Rallidae	American Coot Fulica americana	638	29	S	Many, primarily raccoon	P _a	0.67	0.86	0.44	0.49	Garretson et al. (1996) and Brisbin and Mowbray (2002)
Rallidae	Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio	950	32.3	S	Rabbit, Australasian Harrier Circus approximans	P _a	0.76	0.19			Haselmayer and Jamieson (2002)
Phasianidae	Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata	2,000	168	S	Red fox	S _j	0.12	0.40			Priddel and Wheeler (1997)
	Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus	1,109	33	S	Many, primarily striped skunk	P _a	0.22	0.32	0.61	0.51	Chessness et al. (1968) and Leif (1994)
	Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus	572	20	S	Many, primarily Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus	P _a	0.38	0.68	0.14	0.34	Edminster (1939) and Rusch et al. (2000)
						S _a	0.82	0.79			Edminster (1939)
					Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.27	0.51			Bump et al. (1947)
						S _a	0.71	0.71			Bump et al. (1947)
	Weka Gallirallus australis greyi	760	34	S	Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.06	0.38			Bramley (1996)
	Gray Partridge Perdix perdix	390	18	S	Red fox Vulpes vulpes	P _a	0.33	0.40			Tapper et al. (1996)
	Tetraonids^g				Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.59	0.77			Marcstrom et al. (1988)
Recurvirostridae	Black Stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae	223	40	S	Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.19	0.33			Keedwell et al. (2002)
					Many, primarily ferret	P _a	0.01	0.11			Pierce (1986)
					Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.29	0.53			Reed (1998)
Charadriidae	Killdeer Charadrius vociferus	97	17	S	Many, including deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus	P _a	0.33	0.14			Mabee and Estelle (2000)
					Many, primarily gulls (Larus spp.)	P _a	0.26	0.62			Nol and Brooks (1982)
	Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus	42	8	S	Red fox, feral cat	P _a	0.43	0.68	0.38	0.73	Neuman et al. (2004) and Paton (1994)
					Many, including deer mice	P _a	0.54	0.57			Mabee and Estelle (2000)
					Many, primarily coyote Canis latrans	P _a	0.76	0.90			Koenen et al. (1996)
	Piping Plover Charadrius melodus	55	10	S	Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.17	0.90	0.48	0.74	Larson et al. (2002) and Melvin et al. (1992)
					Many, including deer mice	P _a	0.75	0.60			Mabee and Estelle (2000)
					Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.25	0.92			Rimmer and Deblinger (1990)
					Many, primarily mink Mustela vison	P _a	0.33	0.51			Mayer and Ryan (1991)
					Many, primarily mink	P _a	0.34	0.62			Kruse et al. (2001)
					Many, primarily coyote	P _a	0.28	0.93			Smith et al. (1993)
					Many, primarily coyote	P _a	0.45	0.91			Murphy et al. (2003)
					Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.25	0.42			Larson et al. (2002)
	Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria	215	27	S	Carrion Crow Corvus corone, Common Gull Larus canus	P _a	0.47	0.09^h	0.71	0.82	Parr (1993) and Piersma et al. (2005)
	Lapwing Vanellus vanellus	234	23	S	Red fox and Carrion Crow	P _a	0.26	0.34	0.60	0.75	Bolton et al. (2007) and Peach et al. (1994)
					Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.66	0.39			Isaksson et al. (2007)
	Redshank Tringa totanus	159	20	S	Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.38	0.92			Isaksson et al. (2007)
	New Zealand Dotterel Charadrius obscurus	153	23	S	Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.47	0.80			Dowding (1997)
					Many, primarily feral cat	S _a	0.83	0.82			Dowding (1997)
	Banded Dotterel Charadrius bicinctus	60	9	S	Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.51	0.78			Norbury and Barlow (1998)
					Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.78	0.46			Norbury and Heyward (2008)
	Chatham Island Oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis	600	46	S	Many, primarily feral cat	P _a	0.35	0.64	0.81	0.94	Moore (2009)
					Many, primarily feral cat	S _a	0.94	0.98			Moore (2009)
	Shorebirds^g				Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus	P _a	0.68	0.93			Jackson (2001)
	Southern Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii	55	9.4	S	Many, primarily red fox		0.40	0.65	0.33^f	0.77	Pauliny et al. (2008) and Warnock and Gill (1996)
Gruidae	Greater Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis tabida	5,571	161	S	Many, primarily coyote	P _a	0.42	0.55	0.80	0.87	Ellis et al. (2000), Littlefield (2003) and Tacha et al. (1992)
Sternidae	Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus	100	20	S	Black rat	P _a	0.00ⁱ	0.53	0.78	0.83	Haney et al. (1999) and Lorvelec and Pascal (2005)
	Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus	180	35	S	Black rat, feral cat	A _m	0.23	0.02			Rodríguez et al. (2006)
	Brown Noddy Anous stolidus	200	37	S	Black rat	P _a	0.05	0.77			Pascal et al. (2004)
	Least Tern Sternula antillarum	42	7	S	Many, primarily red fox	P _a	0.35	0.99	0.54	0.88	Massey et al. (1992) and Rimmer and Deblinger (1992)
					Red fox, occasionally Great Horned Owl	P _a	0.19	0.67			Minsky (1980)
					Many, primarily coyote	P _a	0.56	0.81			Koenen et al. (1996)
	Common Tern Sterna hirundo	125	21.0	S	Ring-billed Larus n. scopulinus and Herring Gull L. argentatus	P _a	0.45	0.62	0.54	0.87	Burness and Morris (1992) and Nisbet and Cam (2002)
	Western x Glaucous-winged Gull L. occidentalis × glaucescens	951	94.6	S	Many, primarily gulls	P _a	0.01	0.11	0.55^f	0.84	Good (2002) and Spear et al. (1987)
Alcidae	Xantus’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus	168	37	NS	Black rat	P _a	0.48	0.93			Whitworth et al. (2005)
Alcidae					Deer mouse	P _a	0.63	0.80			Millus et al. (2007)
Columbidae	Chatham Island Pigeon Hemiphaga n. chathamensis	800	40	NS	Many, including Harrier Circus approximans	P _a	0.66	0.58	0.85^f	0.96	Flux et al. (2001)
	New Zealand Wood Pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae	600	30	NS	Black rat, brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula	P _a	0.00	0.52			Innes et al. (2004)
					Brushtail possum	P _a	0.25	0.75			Powlesland et al. (2003)
					Many, primarily black rat	P _a	0.00	0.46			Clout et al. (1995)
	White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica	153	8	NS	Many, primarily Great-tailed Grackle Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicola	P _a	0.38	0.50			Blankinship (1966)
Psittacidae	New Zealand Kaka Nestor meridionalis	429	21	NS	Brushtail possum, black rat	P _a	0.33	0.50			Powlesland et al. (2003)
						S _j ^j	0.60	0.50			Powlesland et al. (2003)
						A _m	0.12	0.06			Powlesland et al. (2003)
					Stoat, brushtail possum	P _a	0.19	0.84			Moorehouse et al. (2003)
	Glossy Black-cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami	430	26	NS	Brushtail possum	P _a	0.23	0.42			Garnett et al. (1999)
Icteridae	Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	65	5	NS	Many, primarily raccoon	P _a	0.61	0.63	0.43^f	0.67	Garnett et al. (1999) and Twedt and Crawford (1995)
Icteridae	Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus	53	4	NS	Many, primarily raccoon	P _a	0.62	0.64			Garnett et al. (1999)
Emberizidae	Songbirds^g				Many, primarily raccoon	P _a	0.15	0.25			Dion et al. (1999)
Cotingidae	Bellbird Anthornis melanura	36	3	NS	Stoat	P _a	0.16	0.66			Kelly et al. (2005)
Petroicidae	New Zealand Robin Petroica australis longipes	35	3	NS	Brushtail possum, black rat	A _m ^k	0.10	0.02			Powlesland et al. (1999)
						P _a	0.21	0.70			Powlesland et al. (1999)
					Polynesian and Norway rats	P _a	0.42	0.57			Empson and Miskelly (1999)
						S _a ^l	0.88	0.54			Empson and Miskelly (1999)
	Yellowhead Mohoua ochrocephala	28	2	NS	Stoat	P _a	0.65	0.86			O’Donnell et al. (1996)
Callaeidae	New Zealand Wattlebird Callaeas cinerea wilsoni	230	19	NS	Many, including brushtail possum and black rat	P _a	0.13	0.42	0.79	0.85	Innes et al. (1999)
					Brushtail possum, black rat	P _a	0.05	0.62			Basse et al. (2003)
	Stitchbird Notiomystis cincta	35	3	NS	Polynesian and Norway rats	P _a	0.77	0.87			Empson and Miskelly (1999)
						S _j ^l	0.87	0.88
						S _a ^l	0.79	0.91
Monarchidae	Rarotonga Monarch Pomarea dimidiata	22	2	NS	Many, primarily black rat	P _a	0.26	0.62	0.79	0.84	Robertson et al. (1994) and Robertson and Saul (2007)
Mean ± SE (all studies)							0.33 ± 0.02	0.59 ± 0.02
Mean ± SE (single predator studies only)							0.33 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.04

Results of models examining the effect of predator control or eradication on bird population trajectories are presented. S Surface, NS not surface, Par demographic parameter affected by predator removal, P _a productivity (mean number of fledged chicks per pair per year), S _j annual juvenile survival, S _a annual adult survival, A _m adult mortality (proportion of population predated)

^aMean mass of males and females combined (Dunnin 1993)

^bFrom Marchant and Higgins (1990), Schönwetter (1967), and Thomson et al. (1998)

^cRabbits also present on the island, however, only affected petrel breeding in 1 year (Imber et al. 2000)

^dPterodroma cookii productivity most affected by rats predating eggs and chicks: deteriorated seriously after extermination of feral cats from Hauturu, but improved significantly after eradication of rats from Whenua Hou (Imber et al. 2003)

^eControl program initiated for rats only. Mice were found in traps, but no mouse predation was recorded (Seto and Conant 1996)

^fFirst year survival only

^gIndividual species not identified in this study

^hRemoval of gulls and crows likely lead to increased predation by foxes which were not controlled (Parr 1993)

ⁱOnly 1 year of monitoring data available prior to the eradication

^jProportion of fledglings alive after 2 months of leaving the nest

^k1996 data excluded because the use of fine particle bait lead to 43% incidental mortality of North Island Robins

^lSurvival from September to December only (Empson and Miskelly 1999)

References

Aguirre-Muñoz A, Croll DA, Donlan CJ et al (2008) High-impact conservation: invasive mammal eradications from the islands of western Mexico. Ambio 37:101–107PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual JF, Aguilar JS (1998) Ecologie des oiseaux marins et gestion intégrée du littoral en Méditerranée. In: Walmsley JG, Goutner V, El Hili A, Sultana J (eds) 4th Medmaravis seabird symposium, Les Amis des Oiseaux (Tunisia) and Medmaravis, Hammamet, pp 94–121Google Scholar
Anderson DW, Gress F, Fry DM (1996) Survival and dispersal of oiled Brown Pelicans after rehabilitation and release. Mar Pollut Bull 31:711–718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony RM, Flint PL, Sedinger JS (1991) Arctic fox removal improves nest success of Black Brant. Wildl Soc Bull 19:176–184Google Scholar
Appleton D, Booker H, Bullock DJ et al (2006) The seabird recovery project: Lundy Island. Atl Seab 8:51–60Google Scholar
Atkinson IAF (1985) The spread of commensal species of Rattus to oceanic islands and their effects on island avifaunas. International Council for Bird Preservation, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Atkinson IAE (1989) Conservation for the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Balser DS, Dill HH, Nelson HK (1968) Effect of predator reduction on waterfowl nesting success. J Wildl Manag 32:669–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basse B, Flux I, Innes J (2003) Recovery and maintenance of North Island Kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni) populations through pulsed pest control. Biol Conserv 109:259–270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchamp WD, Nudds TD, Clark RG (1996) Duck nest success declines with and without predator management. J Wildl Manag 60:258–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdlife International (2008) State of the world’s birds: indicators for our changing world. Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Blankinship DR (1966) The relationship of White-winged Dove production to control of Great-tailed Grackles in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. In: Trefethen JB (ed) Transactions of the thirty-first North American wildlife and natural resource conference, Wildlife Management Institute, Pittsburgh, pp 45–58Google Scholar
Blight LK, Ryder JL, Bertram DF (1999) Predation on Rhinoceros Auklets by a native population of Peromyscus. Condor 101:871–876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton M, Tyler G, Smith K et al (2007) The impact of predator control on lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding success on wet grassland nature reserves. J Appl Ecol 44:534–544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bramley GN (1996) A small predator removal experiment to protect North Island Weka (Gallirallus australia greyi) and the case for single-subject approaches in determining agents of decline. N Z J Ecol 20:37–43Google Scholar
Brisbin IL Jr, Mowbray TB (2002) American Coot (Fulica americana). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Brooke M (2004) Albatross and petrels of the world. Oxford University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Brooke ML, Hilton GM, Martins TLF (2007) Prioritizing the world’s islands for vertebrate-eradication programmes. Anim Conserv 10:380–390CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bump G, Darrow RW, Edminster FC et al (1947) The Ruffed Grouse: life history, propagation, and management. New York State Legislature, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Burger J, Gochfield M (1991) Predation and effects of humans on island-nesting birds. BirdLife International, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Burness GP, Morris RD (1992) Shelters decrease gull predation on chicks at a Common Tern colony. J Field Ornithol 63:186–189Google Scholar
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multi-model inference. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Carter HR, McChesney GJ, Jaques DL et al (1992) Breeding populations of birds in California 1989–1991. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, DixonGoogle Scholar
Chessness RA, Nelson MM, Longley WH (1968) The effect of predator removal on pheasant reproductive success. J Wildl Manag 32:683–697CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chodachek KD, Chamberlain MJ (2006) Effects of predator removal on upland nesting ducks in North Dakota grassland fragments. Prairie Nat 38:25–37Google Scholar
Clark RG, Meger DE, Ignatiuk JB (1995) Removing American crows and duck nesting success. Can J Zool 73:518–522CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clout MN, Denyer K, James RE et al (1995) Breeding success of New Zealand Pigeons (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in relation to control of introduced mammals. N Z J Ecol 19:209–212Google Scholar
Clucas RJ, Fletcher DJ, Moller H (2008) Estimates of adult survival rate for three colonies of Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) in New Zealand. Emu 108:237–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper J, Marais AVN, Bloomer JP et al (1995) A success story: breeding of burrowing petrels (Procellariidae) before and after the eradication of feral cats Felis catus at Subantarctic Marion Island. Mar Ornithol 23:33–37Google Scholar
Côté IM, Sutherland WJ (1997) The effectiveness of removing predators to protect bird populations. Conserv Biol 11:395–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford RJM, Shannon LJ, Whittington PA (1999) Population dynamics of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa. Mar Ornithol 27:139–147Google Scholar
Crawley MJ (2007) The R Book. Wiley, EnglandCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz F, Cruz JB (1987) Control of black rats (Rattus rattus) and its effects on nesting Dark-rumped Petrels in the Galapagos Islands. Vida Silv Neotrop 1:3–13Google Scholar
Csada RD, James PC, Espie RHM (1996) The “file drawer problem” of non-significant results: does it apply to biological research? Oikos 76:591–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuthbert R, Hilton G (2004) Introduced house mice Mus musculus: a significant predator of threatened and endemic birds on Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean? Biol Conserv 117:483–489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGraaf RM, Maier TJ (1996) Effect of egg size on predation by white-footed mice. Wilson Bull 108:535–539Google Scholar
del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (1992) Handbook of the birds of the world. Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaGoogle Scholar
Dion N, Hobson KA, Lariviere S (1999) Effects of removing duck-nest predators on nesting success of grassland songbirds. Can J Zool 77:1801–1806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donlan CJ, Heneman B (2007) Maximizing return on investments for island restoration with a focus on seabird conservation. Commonwealth Ocean Policy Program Report. Advanced Conservation Strategies, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
Donlan CJ, Wilcox C (2008) A path to a return on investment framework for island restoration with a focus on seabirds. Commonwealth Ocean Policy Program. Advanced Conservation Strategies, VictorGoogle Scholar
Donlan CJ, Campbell K, Cabrera W et al (2007) Recovery of the Galápagos rail (Laterallus spilonotus) following the removal of invasive mammals. Biol Conserv 138:520–524CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty HA, Rondeau AJ (1987) Predator management to increase duck nest success. In: Great plains wildlife damage control workshop proceedings, University of Nebraska, LincolnGoogle Scholar
Dowding J (1997) Protecting New Zealand Dotterels from predators. In: Sim J, Saunders A (eds) Proceedings of the predator workshop. Department of Conservation, Wellington, pp 65–67Google Scholar
Drilling N, Titman R, Mckinney F (2002) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Duebbert HF, Kantrund HA (1974) Upland duck nesting related to land use and predator reduction. J Wildl Manag 38:257–265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duebbert HF, Lokemoen JT (1980) High duck nesting success in a predator-reduced environment. J Wildl Manag 44:428–437CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunnin JB Jr (1993) Handbook of avian body masses. CRC Press, Boca RatonGoogle Scholar
Edminster FC (1939) The effect of predator control on Ruffed Grouse populations in New York. J Wildl Manag 3:345–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis DH, Gee GF, Hereford SG et al (2000) Post-release survival of hand-reared and parent-reared Mississippi Sandhill Cranes. Condor 102:104–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Empson RA, Miskelly CM (1999) The risks, costs, and benefits of using brodifacoum to eraticate rats from Kapiti Island, New Zealand. N Z J Ecol 23:241–254Google Scholar
Fisher HI (1975) Mortality and survival in the Laysan Albatross, Diomedea immutabilis. Pac Sci 29:279–300Google Scholar
Fleet RR (1972) Nesting success of the Red-Tailed Tropicbird on Kure Atoll. Auk 89:651–659Google Scholar
Flux IA, Powlesland RG, Dilks PJ et al (2001) Breeding, survival, and recruitment of Chatham Island Pigeon (Hemiphaga chathamensis). Notornis 48:177–206Google Scholar
Freed LA, Cann RL, Bodner GR (2008) Incipient extinction of a major population of the Hawaii Akepa owing to introduced species. Evol Ecol Res 10:931–965Google Scholar
Garnett ST, Pedler LP, Crowley GM (1999) The breeding biology of the Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Emu 99:262–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garretson PR, Rohwer FC, Zimmer JM et al (1996) Effects of mammalian predator removal on waterfowl and non-game birds in North Dakota. In: Wadsworth KG, McCabe RE (eds) Transactions of the 61st North American wildlife and natural resource conference, Tulsa, OklahomaGoogle Scholar
Good TP (2002) Breeding success in the Western Gull × Glaucous-winged Gull complex: the influence of habitat and nest-site characteristics. Condor 104:353–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood RJ (1986) Influence of striped skunk removal on upland duck nest success in North Dakota. Wildl Soc Bull 14:6–11Google Scholar
Greenwood RJ, Arnold PM, McGuire BG (1990) Protecting duck nests from mammalian predators with fences, traps, and a toxicant. Wildl Soc Bull 18:75–82Google Scholar
Guthery FS, Beasom SL (1977) Responses of game and nongame wildlife to predator control in South Texas. J Range Manag 30:404–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haney JC, Lee DS, Morris RD (1999) Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Harding EK, Doak DF, Albertson JD (2001) Evaluating the effectiveness of predator control: the non-native red fox as a case study. Conserv Biol 15:1114–1122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper GA (2007) Detecting predation of a burrow-nesting seabird by two introduced predators, using stable isotopes, dietary analysis and experimental removals. Wildl Res 34:443–453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselmayer J, Jamieson IG (2002) Increased predation on pukeko eggs after the application of rabbit control measures. N Z J Ecol 25:89–93Google Scholar
Haskell DG (1995) Forest fragmentation and nest predation: are experiments with Japanese quail eggs misleading? Auk 112:767–770Google Scholar
Howald G, Donlan CJ, Faulkner K et al (2009) Eradication of black rats from Anacapa Island. Oryx 44:30–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igual JM, Forero MG, Gomez T et al (2006) Rat control and breeding performance in Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea): effects of poisoning effort and habitat features. Anim Conserv 9:59–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igual JM, Forero MG, Gomez T et al (2007) Can an introduced predator trigger an evolutionary trap in a colonial seabird? Biol Conserv 137:189–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imber MJ (1975) Petrels and predators. Bull Int Counc Bird Preserv 12:260–263Google Scholar
Imber M, Harrison M, Harrison J (2000) Interactions between petrels, rats and rabbits on Whale Island, and effects of rat and rabbit eradication. N Z J Ecol 24:153–160Google Scholar
Imber M, West JA, Cooper WJ (2003) Cook’s Petrel (Pterodroma cookii) historic distribution, breeding biology and effects of predators. Notornis 50:221–230Google Scholar
Innes J, Hay R, Flux I et al (1999) Successful recovery of North Island Kokako Callaeas cinerea wilsoni populations, by adaptive management. Biol Conserv 87:201–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes J, Nugent G, Prime K et al (2004) Responses of Kukupa (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) and other birds to mammal pest control at Motatau, Northland. N Z J Ecol 28:73–81Google Scholar
Isaksson D, Wallander J, Larsson M (2007) Managing predation on ground-nesting birds: the effectiveness of nest exclosures. Biol Conserv 136:136–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson DB (2001) Experimental removal of introduced hedgehogs improves wader nest success in the Western Isles, Scotland. J Appl Ecol 38:802–812CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenouvrier S, Tavecchia G, Thibault J-C et al (2008) Recruitment processes in long-lived species with delayed maturity: estimating key demographic parameters. Oikos 117:620–628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones C (2002) A model for the conservation management of a ‘secondary’ prey: Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) colonies on mainland New Zealand as a case study. Biol Conserv 108:1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones AG, Chown SL, Gaston KJ (2003) Introduced house mice as a conservation concern on Gough Island. Biodivers Conserv 12:2107–2119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones HP, Tershy BR, Zavaleta ES et al (2008) Severity of the effects of invasive rats on seabirds: a global review. Conserv Biol 22:16–26PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jouventin P, Bried J, Micol T (2003) Insular bird populations can be saved from rats: a long-term experimental study of White-chinned Petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis on Ile de la Possession (Crozet archipelago). Polar Biol 26:371–378Google Scholar
Kauhala K (2004) Removal of medium-sized predators and the breeding success of ducks in Finland. Folia Zool 53:367–378Google Scholar
Keedwell RJ, Maloney RF, Murray DP (2002) Predator control for protecting kaki (Himantopus novaezelandiae)—lessons from 20 years of management. Biol Conserv 105:369–374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keitt BS, Tershy BR (2003) Cat eradication significantly decreases shearwater mortality. Anim Conserv 6:307–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keitt BS, Wilcox C, Tershy BR et al (2002) The effect of feral cats on the population viability of Black-vented Shearwaters (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, Mexico. Anim Conserv 5:217–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly D, Brindle C, Ladley JJ et al (2005) Can stoat (Mustela erminea) trapping increase Bellbird (Anthornis melanura) populations and benefit mistletoe (Peraxilla tetrapetala) pollination? N Z J Ecol 29:69–82Google Scholar
Koenen MT, Utych RB, Leslie DM Jr (1996) Methods used to improve least tern and Snowy Plover nesting success on alkaline flats. J Field Ornithol 67:281–291Google Scholar
Kruse CD, Higgins KF, Vander Lee BA (2001) Influence of predation on Piping Plover, Charadrills melodus, and Least Tern, Sterna antillarum, productivity along the Missouri River in South Dakota. Can Field-Nat 115:480–486Google Scholar
LaGrange TG, Hansen JL, Andrews RD et al (1995) Electric fence predator exclosure to enhance duck nesting: a long-term case study in Iowa. Wildl Soc Bull 23:261–266Google Scholar
Larson MA, Ryan MR, Murphy RK (2002) Population viability of Piping Plovers: effects of predator exclusion. J Wildl Manag 66:361–371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leif AP (1994) Survival and reproduction of wild and pen-reared Ring-Necked Pheasant hens. J Wildl Manag 58:501–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepson JK, Woodworth BL (2002) Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Littlefield CD (2003) Sandhill Crane nesting success and productivity in relation to predator removal in southeastern Oregon. Wilson Bull 115:263–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lokemoen JT, Woodward RO (1993) An assessment of predator barriers and predator control to enhance duck nest success on peninsulas. Wildl Soc Bull 21:275–282Google Scholar
Lokemoen JT, Doty HA, Sharp DE et al (1982) Electric fences to reduce mammalian predation on waterfowl nests. Wildl Soc Bull 10:318–323Google Scholar
Lokemoen JT, Schnaderbeck RW, Woodward RW (1987) Increasing waterfowl production on points and islands by reducing mammalian predation. In: Great plains wildlife damage control workshop proceedings, University of Nebraska, LincolnGoogle Scholar
Lorvelec O, Pascal M (2005) French attempts to eradicate non-indigenous mammals and their consequences for native biota. Biol Invasions 7:135–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig JP, Summer CL, Auman HJ et al (1998) The roles of organochlorine contaminants and fisheries bycatch in recent population changes of Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses in the North Pacific Ocean. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping NortonGoogle Scholar
Mabee TJ, Estelle VB (2000) Assessing the effectiveness of predator exclosures for plovers. Wilson Bull 112:14–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchant S, Higgins PJ (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Marcstrom V, Kenward RE, Engren E (1988) The impact of predation on boreal Tetraonids during vole cycles: an experimental study. J Anim Ecol 57:859–872CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins TLF, Brooke ML, Hilton GM et al (2006) Costing eradications of alien mammals from islands. Anim Conserv 9:439–444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey BW, Bradley DW, Atwood JL (1992) Demography of a California Least Tern colony including effects of the 1982–1983 El Niño. Condor 94:976–983CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mavor RA, Parsons M, Huebeck M et al (2006) Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2005. UK Nature Conservation No. 30Google Scholar
Mayer PM, Ryan MR (1991) Electric fences reduce mammalian predation on Piping Plover nests and chicks. Wildl Soc Bull 19:59–63Google Scholar
Mclean GL (1985) Robert’s birds of Southern Africa. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape TownGoogle Scholar
Meckstroth AM, Miles AK (2005) Predator removal and nesting waterbird success at San Francisco Bay, California. Waterbirds 28:250–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melvin SM, MacIvor LH, Griffin CR (1992) Predator exclosures: a technique to reduce predation at Piping Plover nests. Wildl Soc Bull 20:143–148Google Scholar
Millus SA, Stapp P, Martin P (2007) Experimental control of a native predator may improve breeding success of a threatened seabird in the California Channel Islands. Biol Conserv 138:484–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mínguez E, Oro D (2003) Variations in nest mortality in the European Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. Ardea 91:113–117Google Scholar
Minsky D (1980) Preventing fox predation at a least tern colony with an electric fence. J Field Ornithol 51:180–181Google Scholar
Moore PJ (2009) Chatham Island oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis) management techniques: guidelines for protecting nests and increasing their productivity. Department of Conservation Technical Series 35, Wellington, pp 1–50Google Scholar
Moorehouse R, Greene T, Dilks PJ et al (2003) Control of introduced mammalian predators improves Kaka Nestor meridionalis breeding success: reversing the decline of a threatened New Zealand parrot. Biol Conserv 110:33–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moors PJ, Atkinson IAE (1984) Predation on birds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Morris WF, Doak DF (2002) Quantitative conservation biology: theory and practice of population viability analyses. Sinauer Associates Inc, MassachusettsGoogle Scholar
Mougin J-L, Jouanin C, Roux F (2000) Demographie du puffin cendré Calonectris diomedea de Selvagem Grande (30°09′N, 15°52′W). Rev Écol (la Terre et la Vie) 55:275–290Google Scholar
Murdoch W, Polasky S, Wilson K et al (2007) Maximizing return on investment in conservation. Biol Conserv 139:375–388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy RK, Greenwood RJ, Ivan JS et al (2003) Predator exclusion methods for managing endangered shorebirds: are two barriers better than one? Waterbirds 26:156–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naidoo R, Balmford A, Ferraro PJ et al (2006) Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Trends Ecol Evol 21:681–687PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuman KK, Page GW, Stensel LE et al (2004) Effect of mammalian predator management on Snowy Plover breeding success. Waterbirds 27:257–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbet IC, Cam E (2002) Test for age-specificity in survival of the Common Tern. J Appl Stat 29:65–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nogales M, Martín A, Tershy BR et al (2004) A review of feral cat eradication on islands. Conserv Biol 18:310–319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nol E, Brooks RJ (1982) Effects of predator exclosures on nesting success of Killdeer. J Field Ornithol 53:263–268Google Scholar
Norbury G, Barlow N (1998) Effects of RHD-induced rabbit declines and predator trapping on predation of banded dotterels. Paper presented at the conference of the NZ Ecological Society and Ecological Society of Australia. Dunedin, New ZealandGoogle Scholar
Norbury G, Heyward R (2008) Predictors of clutch predation of a globally significant avifauna in New Zealand’s braided river ecosystems. Anim Conserv 11:17–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman FI (1970) The effects of sheep on the breeding success and habitat of the Short-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). Aust J Zool 18:215–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell CFJ, Dilks PJ, Elliott GP (1996) Control of a stoat (Mustela erminea) population irruption to enhance Mohua (Yellowhead) (Mohoua ochrocephala) breeding success in New Zealand. N Z J Zool 23:279–286Google Scholar
Oro D, de Leon A, Furness RW (2005) Estimating predation on breeding European Storm-petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus) by Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis). J Zool 265:535–548Google Scholar
Parr R (1993) Nest predation and numbers of Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria and other moorland waders. Bird Study 40:223–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascal M, Brithmer R, Lorvelec O et al (2004) Conséquences sur l’avifaune nicheuse de la Réserve Naturelle des Îlets de Sainte-Anne (Martinique) de la récente invasion du rat noir (Rattus rattus) établies à l’issue d’une tentative d’éradication. Rev Écol (la Terre et la Vie) 59:309–318Google Scholar
Pascal M, Lorvelec O, Bretagnolle V et al (2008) Improving the breeding success of a colonial seabird: a cost-benefit comparison of the eradication and control of its rat predator. Endanger Species Res 4:267–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton PWC (1994) Survival estimates for Snowy Plovers breeding at Great Salt Lake, Utah. Condor 96:1106–1109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauliny A, Larsson M, Blomqvist D (2008) Nest predation management: effects on reproductive success in endangered shorebirds. J Wildl Manage 72:1579–1583Google Scholar
Peach WJ, Thompson PS, Coulson JE (1994) Annual and long-term variation in the survival rates of British Lapwings Vanellus vanellus. J Anim Ecol 63:60–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearse AT, Ratti JT (2004) Effects of predator removal on Mallard duckling survival. J Wildl Manag 68:342–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce RJ (1986) Differences in susceptibility to predation during nesting between Pied and Black Stilts (Himantopus spp.). Auk 103:273–280Google Scholar
Pierce RJ (2002) Kiore (Rattus exulans) impact on breeding success of Pycroft’s Petrels and Little Shearwaters. DOC Science Internal Series 39, WellingtonGoogle Scholar
Piersma T, Rogers KG, Boyd H et al (2005) Demography of Eurasian Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria staging in The Netherlands, 1949–2000. Ardea 93:49–64Google Scholar
Powlesland RG, Knegtmans JW, Marshall ISJ (1999) Costs and benefits of aerial 1080 possum control operations using carrot baits to North Island Robins (Petroica australis longipes), Pureora Forest Park. N Z J Ecol 23:149–159Google Scholar
Powlesland RG, Wills DE, August ACL et al (2003) Effects of a 1080 operation on Kaka and Kereru survival and nesting success, Whirinaki Forest Park. N Z J Ecol 27:125–137Google Scholar
Priddel D, Wheeler R (1997) Efficacy of fox control in reducing the mortality of released captive-reared Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata. Wildl Res 24:469–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quillfeldt P, Schenk I, McGill R et al (2008) Introduced mammals coexist with seabirds at New Island, Falkland Islands: abundance, habitat preferences, and stable isotope analysis of diet. Polar Biol 31:333–349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratz H, Darby JT, Edge K et al (2004) Survival and breeding of Yellow-eyed Penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) at two locations on Otago Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand, 1991–96. N Z J Zool 31:133–147Google Scholar
Rayner MJ, Hauber ME, Imber MJ et al (2007) Spatial heterogeneity of mesopredator release within an oceanic island system. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:20862–20865PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed C (1998) Review of Black Stilt management data (1981–1995). Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 175, WellingtonGoogle Scholar
Richdale LE (1957) A population study of Penguins. Oxford University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rimmer DW, Deblinger RD (1990) Use of predator exclosures to protect Piping Plover nests. J Field Ornithol 61:217–223Google Scholar
Rimmer DW, Deblinger RD (1992) Use of fencing to limit terrestrial predator movements into Least Tern colonies. Colon Waterbirds 15:226–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson CJR (1998) Factors influencing the breeding performance of the Northern Royal Albatross. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping NortonGoogle Scholar
Robertson HA, Saul EK (2007) Conservation of Kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata) in the Cook Islands in 2006/07. In: Clelland L (ed) DOC research & development series 296. Department of Conservation, WellingtonGoogle Scholar
Robertson HA, Hay JR, Saul EK et al (1994) Recovery of the Kakerori: an endangered forest bird of the Cook Islands. Conserv Biol 8:1078–1086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez C, Torres R, Drummond H (2006) Eradicating introduced mammals from a forested tropical island. Biol Conserv 130:98–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohwer FC, Garretson PR, Mense BJ (1997) Can predator trapping improve waterfowl recruitment in the prairie pothole region? In: Eastern wildlife damage management conference, Lincoln, Newbraska, pp 12–22Google Scholar
Rohwer FC, Johnson WP, Loos ER (2002) Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Roper JJ (1992) Nest predation experiments with Quail eggs: too much to swallow? Oikos 65:528–530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargeant AB, Kruse AD, Afton AD (1974) Use of small fences to protect ground bird nests from mammalian predators. Prairie Nat 6:60–63Google Scholar
Sargeant AB, Sovada MA, Shaffer TL (1995) Seasonal predator removal relative to hatch rate of duck nests in waterfowl production areas. Wildl Soc Bull 23:507–513Google Scholar
Schaffner FC (1991) Nest-site selection and nesting success of White-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon lepturus) at Cayo Luís Peña, Puerto Rico. Auk 108:911–922Google Scholar
Schönwetter M (1967) Handbuch der Oologie. Akademie, Verlag, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Schreiber EA, Doherty PF Jr, Schenk GA (2001) Effects of a chemical weapons incineration plant on Red-Tailed Tropicbirds. J Wildl Manag 65:685–695CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seto NWH, Conant S (1996) The effects of rat (Rattus rattus) predation on the reproductive success of the Bonin Petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca) on Midway Atoll. Colon Waterbirds 19:171–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields M (2002) Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Small RJ, Holzwart JC, Rusch DH (1991) Predation and hunting mortality of Ruffed Grouse in central Wisconsin. J Wildl Manag 55:512–520CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith KA, Murphy RK, Michaelson DL et al (1993) Habitat and predation management for nesting piping plovers at Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota. Prairie Nat 25:139–147Google Scholar
Spear LB, Penniman TM, Penniman JF et al (1987) Survivorship and mortality factors in a population of Western Gulls. Stud Avian Biol 10:44–56Google Scholar
Tacha TC, Nesbitt SA, Vohs PA (1992) Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Tapper SC, Potts GR, Brockless MH (1996) The effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of Grey Partridges Perdix perdix. J Appl Ecol 33:965–978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor GA (2000) Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Wellington, New ZealandGoogle Scholar
Thibault J-C (1995) Effect of predation by the black rat Rattus rattus on the breeding success of Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea in Corsica. Mar Ornithol 23:1–10Google Scholar
Thomson DL, Monaghan P, Furness RW (1998) The demands of incubation and avian clutch size. Biol Rev 73:293–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towns DR, Atkinson IAE, Daugherty CH (2006) Have the harmful effects of introduced rats on islands been exaggerated? Biol Invasions 8:863–891CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twedt DJ, Crawford RD (1995) Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
van Rensburg PJJ, Bester MN (1988) The effect of cat Felis catus predation on three breeding Procellariidae species on Marion Island. S Afr J Zool 23:301–305Google Scholar
Wanless RM, Angel A, Cuthbert RJ et al (2007) Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions? Biol Lett 3:241–244PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanless RM, Ryan PG, Altwegg A et al (2009) From both sides: dire demographic consequences of carnivorous mice and longlining for the Critically Endangered Tristan albatrosses on Gough Island. Biol Conserv 142:1710–1718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward DH, Rexstad EA, Sedinger JS et al (1997) Seasonal and annual survival of adult Pacific Brant. J Wildl Manag 61:773–781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward DH, Schmutz JA, Sedinger JS et al (2004) Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile Black Brant. Condor 106:263–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warnock ND, Gill RE (1996) Dunlin (Calidris alpina). In: Poole A (ed) The birds of North America online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, IthacaGoogle Scholar
Waugh SM, Doherty PF Jr, Freeman SN et al (2006) Demography of Westland Petrels (Procellaria westlandica), 1995–2003. Emu 106:219–226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimerskirch H, Jouventin P (1998) Changes in population sizes and demographic parameters of six albatross species breeding on the French sub-Antarctic islands. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping NortonGoogle Scholar
Whitehead AL, Edge K-A, Smart AF et al (2008) Large scale predator control improves the productivity of a rare New Zealand riverine duck. Biol Conserv 141:2784–2794CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitworth DL, Carter HR, Young RJ et al (2005) Initial recovery of Xantus’s Murrelets following rat eradication on Anacapa Island, California. Mar Ornithol 33:131–137Google Scholar
Wilcox C, Donlan CJ (2007) Compensatory mitigation as a solution to fisheries bycatch—biodiversity conservation conflicts. Front Ecol Environ 5:325–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox C, Donlan CJ (2009) Need for a clear and fair evaluation of biodiversity offsets for fisheries bycatch. Conserv Biol 23:770–772CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward PW (1972) The natural history of Kure Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res Bull 164:296–298Google Scholar
Zino F, Oliveira P, King S et al (2001) Conservation of Zino’s Petrel Pterodroma madeira in the archipelago of Madeira. Oryx 35:128–136Google Scholar
Zino F, Hounsome MV, Buckle AP et al (2008) Was the removal of rabbits and house mice from Selvagem Grande beneficial to the breeding of Cory’s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea borealis? Oryx 42:151–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

Authors and Affiliations

Jennifer L. Lavers
- 1
Email author
Chris Wilcox
- 2
C. Josh Donlan
- 3
- 4

1.University of TasmaniaHobartAustralia
2.Wealth from Oceans National FlagshipCSIRO Marine ResearchHobartAustralia
3.Advanced Conservation StrategiesMidwayUSA
4.Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUSA

Bird demographic responses to predator removal programs

Abstract

Keywords

Notes

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright information

Authors and Affiliations

Personalised recommendations

Cite article