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Phylogeography of the Macaronesian Lettuce Species Lactuca watsoniana and L. palmensis (Asteraceae)

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Abstract

The phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of two relatively rare Macaronesian Lactuca species, Lactuca watsoniana (Azores) and L. palmensis (Canary Islands), were, until this date, unclear. Karyological information of the Azorean species was also unknown. For this study, a chromosome count was performed and L. watsoniana showed 2n = 34. A phylogenetic approach was used to clarify the relationships of the Azorean endemic L. watsoniana and the La Palma endemic L. palmensis within the subtribe Lactucinae. Maximum parsimony, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of a combined molecular dataset (ITS and four chloroplast DNA regions) and molecular clock analyses were performed with the Macaronesian Lactuca species, as well as a TCS haplotype network. The analyses revealed that L. watsoniana and L. palmensis belong to different subclades of the Lactuca clade. Lactuca watsoniana showed a strongly supported phylogenetic relationship with North American species, while L. palmensis was closely related to L. tenerrima and L. inermis, from Europe and Africa. Lactuca watsoniana showed four single-island haplotypes. A divergence time estimation of the Macaronesian lineages was used to examine island colonization pathways. Results obtained with BEAST suggest a divergence of L. palmensis and L. watsoniana clades c. 11 million years ago, L. watsoniana diverged from its North American sister species c. 3.8 million years ago and L. palmensis diverged from its sister L. tenerrima, c. 1.3 million years ago, probably originating from an African ancestral lineage which colonized the Canary Islands. Divergence analyses with *BEAST indicate a more recent divergence of the L. watsoniana crown, c. 0.9 million years ago. In the Azores colonization, in a stepping stone, east-to-west dispersal pattern, associated with geological events might explain the current distribution range of L. watsoniana.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Graciete Belo Maciel, José Martins, Fred Rumsey and Orlanda Moreira for collecting some of the samples. We thank the curators of the herbaria of Museu Carlos Machado (AZ), Ruy Telles Palhinha—Universidade dos Açores (AZB), Universidade dos Açores (AZU), Natural History Museum in London (BM), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K), Estação Agronómica Nacional (LISE), Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris–France (P), as well, and to the staff of the molecular laboratories at the Natural History Museum in London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and also Monika Lüchow at the morphological laboratories of Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum of Berlin-Dahlem. Relevant fieldwork permission was obtained, permit numbers: 77/2012/DRA; 63/2013/DRA; 70/2014/DRA; CCPI:032/2013; CCPI:028/2014.

Funding

This study was funded by Fundo Regional da Ciência (M3.1.2/F/032/2011) and FEDER funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors—COMPETE and by National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under the UID/BIA/50027/2013; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821, and also received support from FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BSAB/1165/2011FCT) and of SYNTHESYS Project (GB-TAF-2363), http://www.synthesys.info/ which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 “Structuring the European Research Area” programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, Apartado, 1422, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal

    Elisabete F. Dias, Luís Silva & Mónica Moura

  2. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Norbert Kilian

  3. Plant Biodiversity Research, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany

    Hanno Schaefer

  4. Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK

    Mark Carine

  5. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK

    Paula J. Rudall

  6. Calle Guaidil 16, Urbanización Tamarco, Tegueste, 38280, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    Arnoldo Santos-Guerra

Authors
  1. Elisabete F. Dias
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  2. Norbert Kilian
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  3. Luís Silva
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  4. Hanno Schaefer
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  5. Mark Carine
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  6. Paula J. Rudall
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  7. Arnoldo Santos-Guerra
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  8. Mónica Moura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elisabete F. Dias.

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Permits were obtained from the environmental authorities for plant collection, and samples only included leaves and not complete individuals, particularly in the case of the rare Lactuca watsoniana

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Dias, E.F., Kilian, N., Silva, L. et al. Phylogeography of the Macaronesian Lettuce Species Lactuca watsoniana and L. palmensis (Asteraceae). Biochem Genet 56, 315–340 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-018-9847-8

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