Of condors and judges: archival musings over a judicial investigation
- 201 Downloads
Abstract
The paper discusses some archival issues that emerged during a judicial investigation carried out by the Prosecutor’s Office of Rome (Italy) regarding human rights violations in South America in the 1970s. More specifically, the investigation concerned the death of some Italo-Argentine and Italo-Uruguayan citizens, arguably killed by intelligence agents who belonged to the ‘Condor System’. The paper makes three different—although interrelated—points: (1) it shows how transnational justice is leading to the construction of complex case files, with an international nature, and to international and local conflicts over the legal standing of documentary evidence; (2) it argues that case files of trials celebrated overseas, regarding gross human rights abuses, should be made available to the people in the affected countries; (3) on the basis of the author’s experience as consultant in this judicial investigation, the paper emphasizes that archival description according to professional standards helps judicial work.
Keywords
Human rights Judicial archives Transnational justice Condor System Disappeared personsNotes
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank law. Jair Krischke (founder of the Movimento de Justiça e Direitos Humanos of Rio Grande do Sul) who keeps me posted about the situations of military archives in Brazil; many thanks also to Dr Margaret Turner for making available to me her English translation of Quintana 2008.
References
- Adami T (2004) Archives and international prosecutions: genocide, justice and innovative archival practice. Comma 2:83–87Google Scholar
- Administration (The) of Justice and the Human Rights of Detainees (1997) Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political). Revised final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to sub-commission decision 1996/119. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. Forty-ninth session. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1, 2 Oct 1997Google Scholar
- Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1994) Os Arquivos das Polícias Políticas: reflexos de nossa história contemporânea. FAPERJ, Rio de JaneiroGoogle Scholar
- Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1996). DOPS: a lógica da desconfiança, 2nd edn. Río de JaneiroGoogle Scholar
- Barrera G (2007) Operación Cóndor: reseña bibliográfica. In Stabili MR (ed) Entre Historias y Memorias: Los desafíos metodológicos del legado reciente de América Latina. Estudios AHILA, 2. Madrid—Frankfurt/M., Editorial Iberoamericana—Vervuer, pp 143–158Google Scholar
- Boccia Paz A, González MA, Palau Aguilar R (1994) Es mi informe. Los archivos secretos de la Policía de Stroessner. CDE, AsunciónGoogle Scholar
- Boccia Paz A, López MH, Pecci AV, Giménez Guanes G (2002) En los sótanos de los generales. Los documentos ocultos del Operativo Cóndor. Expolibro—Servilibro, AsunciónGoogle Scholar
- Branch T, Propper E (1983) Labyrinth. Penguin, MiddlesexGoogle Scholar
- Calloni S (1999) Los años del lobo: Operación Cóndor. Prólogo de A Pérez Esquivel. Continente, Buenos AiresGoogle Scholar
- Comisión de Familiares de Paraguayos Detenidos Desaparecidos en la Argentina (1990) Semillas de Vida, AsunciónGoogle Scholar
- Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación (1991) Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación, Santiago (Chile)Google Scholar
- Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas (1984) Nunca Más. Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas, Buenos AiresGoogle Scholar
- Corrêa LR (2008) O Departamento Estadual de Ordem Política e Social de São Paulo: as atividades da polícia política e a intrincada organização de seu acervo. Histórica (São Paulo) 33:1–11Google Scholar
- Investigación histórica sobre detenidos desaparecidos: el cumplimiento del ArtÍculo 4, de la Ley 15,848 (2007) Montevideo, Presidencia, República Oriental del Uruguay, IM.P.O., Dirección Nacional de Impresiones y Publicaciones Oficiales, vol 5. http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/noticias/2007/06/2007060509.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2009
- Del Frade C (2004) A veinte años del robo de los tribunales rosarinos. Los socios de los desaparecedores. La Fogata Digital. http://www.lafogata.org/04arg/arg10/ar_socios.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2009
- Dinges J (2000) The Dubious Document. Columbia J Rev 38(5):10Google Scholar
- Dinges J (2004) The Condor years. How Pinochet and his allies brought terrorism to three continents. The New Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Dinges J, Landau S (1980) Assassination on Embassy Row. Pantheon Books, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense (EAAF) (2002) Annual report, http://eaaf.typepad.com/pdf/2002/17RightToTruth.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2009
- Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense (EAAF) (2005) Annual report, http://eaaf.typepad.com/annual_report_2005/. Accessed 10 Feb 2009
- Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense (EAAF) (2007) Annual report, http://eaaf.typepad.com/annual_report_2007/An07_RTT-3.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb 2009
- Furtado de Mendonça E (1998) Documentação da Polícia Política do Rio de Janeiro. Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 12(22):1–8Google Scholar
- Furtado de Mendonça E, Ramalho L (1997) A política de acesso do Aperj ao acervo Dops. Arquivo & História (3):5–9Google Scholar
- González Quintana A (2008) Políticas archivística para la defensa de los derechos humanos. Consejo International de Archivos, ParisGoogle Scholar
- González Vera M (2002) Los archivos del terror del Paraguay La historia oculta de la respresión. In: da Silva Catela L, Jelin E (eds) Los archivos de la represión: Documentos, memoria y verdad. Ediciones Siglo Veintinuno, Madrid, pp 85–114Google Scholar
- Irusta G (1995) Espionaje y servicios secretos en Bolivia (1930–1980). Operación Cóndor en acción. Todo Arte Servicio Gráfico Publicitario, La PazGoogle Scholar
- Kornbluh P (2003a) Opening up the files: Chile declassified. NACLA Rep Am 37(No 1):25–43Google Scholar
- Kornbluh P (2003b) The Pinochet file. A declassified dossier on atrocity and accountability. The New Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- Madres y Familiares de Uruguayos Detenidos Desaparecidos (2004) A todos ellos. Informe de Madres y familiares de uruguayos detenidos desaparecidos, MontevideoGoogle Scholar
- Mariano NC (2003) As garras do condor. Como as ditaturas da Argentina, do Chile, do Uruguai, do Brasil, da Bolivia e do Paraguai se associaram para eliminar adversários politicos. Editora Vozes, PetrópolisGoogle Scholar
- Martorell F (1999) Operación Cóndor: El vuelo de la muerte. La coordinación represiva en el Cono Sur. Lom Ediciones, SantiagoGoogle Scholar
- McSherry JP (2005) Predatory states. Operation Condor and covert war in Latin America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, LanhamGoogle Scholar
- Ministros defendem abertura de arquivos de ditatura militar (2008) Folha online, August 9Google Scholar
- Miranda N, Tibúrcio C (1999) Dos filhos deste solo. Mortos e desaparecidos políticos durante a ditadura militar: a responsabilidade do Estado. Editora Fundação Perseu AbramoBoitempo Editorial, San PaoloGoogle Scholar
- Para Krischke houve acordo entre o governo Lula e os militares (2008) J do Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, March 24Google Scholar
- Peterson TH (2004) Truth and the records of truth commissions. Studien und Quellen 30:215–226Google Scholar
- Peterson TH (2006) Temporary courts, permanent records. Special Report 170. United States Institute of PeaceGoogle Scholar
- Rey Piuma D (1988) Un marino acusa: juicio y castigo a los culpables. [Montevideo] TAE EditorialGoogle Scholar
- Schemo DJ (1999) Files in Paraguay detail atrocities of US, Allies. The New York Times, New York, August 11Google Scholar
- Simons M (1977) Chile allegedly asked funds to neutralize foes. The Washington Post, Washington, DC, February 3Google Scholar
- Teles JA (2006) A abertura dos arquivos da ditadura militar e a luta dos familiares de mortos e desaparecidos políticos no Brasil. Texto preparado para a comunicação apresentada no debate: ‘Direito, Censura e Imprensa após a vigência da Constituição Federal de 1988’, evento promovido pelo Curso de Direito do Centro Universitário Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, 7 de fevereiro. http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/1381. Accessed 10 Feb 2009