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The Influence of Neurocognitive Impairment, Depression, and Alcohol Use Disorders on Health-Related Quality of Life among Incarcerated, HIV-Infected, Opioid Dependent Malaysian Men: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

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Abstract

Prior research has widely recognized neurocognitive impairment (NCI), depression, and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) as important negative predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among people living with HIV (PLWH). No studies to date, however, have explored how these neuropsychological factors operate together and affect HRQoL. Incarcerated male PLWH (N = 301) meeting criteria for opioid dependence were recruited from Malaysia’s largest prison. Standardized scales for NCI, depression, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and HRQoL were used to conduct a moderated mediation model to explore the extent to which depression mediated the relationship between NCI, HRQoL, and AUDs using an ordinary least squares regression-based path analytic framework. Results showed that increasing levels of NCI (B = −0.1773, p < 0.001) and depression (B = −0.6147, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with HRQoL. The effect of NCI on HRQoL was significantly (Sobel z = −3.5600, p < 0.001) mediated via depression (B = −0.1230, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the conditional indirect effect of NCI on HRQoL via depression for individuals with AUDs was significant (B = −0.9099, p = 0.0087), suggesting a moderated mediation effect. The findings disentangle the complex relationship using a moderated mediation model, demonstrating that increasing levels of NCI, which can be reduced with HIV treatment, negatively influenced HRQoL via depression for individuals with AUDs. This highlights the need for future interventions to target these complex interplay between neuropsychological factors in order to improve HRQoL among PLWH, particularly incarcerated PLWH with AUDs.

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Funding

This work was supported by Grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse for research (R01 DA025943 to FLA) and for career development (K24 DA017072 to FLA; K02 033139 to MMC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Medicine & Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC 6325, 06030-6325, Farmington, CT, USA

    Roman Shrestha

  2. Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Roman Shrestha, Michael Copenhaver & Frederick L. Altice

  3. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA

    Damian Weikum & Frederick L. Altice

  4. Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Michael Copenhaver

  5. Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Frederick L. Altice

  6. Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Frederick L. Altice

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  1. Roman Shrestha
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Correspondence to Roman Shrestha.

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Institutional review boards at the University Malaya Medical Centre and Yale University approved the protocol for the parent study. The protocol was also reviewed and approved by the Office of Human Research Protection at the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) as it involved federally-funded research with prisoners. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Shrestha, R., Weikum, D., Copenhaver, M. et al. The Influence of Neurocognitive Impairment, Depression, and Alcohol Use Disorders on Health-Related Quality of Life among Incarcerated, HIV-Infected, Opioid Dependent Malaysian Men: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. AIDS Behav 21, 1070–1081 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1526-3

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