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Mother’s CD4+ Count Moderates the Risk Associated with Higher Parity for Late Postnatal HIV-Free Survival of Breastfed Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Abstract

Risk association studies of late postnatal outcomes for children breastfed by HIV-1 positive mothers have had inconsistent findings and have not explored interactions among risk factors. This study addresses these limitations through an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of HIV-free survival outcomes of nine randomized controlled trials to prevent early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The pooled sample consisted of 3,324 African children in resource-limited settings who survived to age 28 days and were at-risk of acquiring HIV through breast milk. Based on a proportional hazards mixed effects meta-analysis, the composite endpoint of HIV-1 infection and all-cause mortality was found to be significantly associated with maternal immune status (CD4+ ≥350 cells/mm3, HR 0.59 95% CI (0.39, 0.87)), infant preterm delivery (gestational age <37 weeks, 1.40 (1.03, 1.89)), infant oral candidiasis infection (1.87, (1.53, 2.29)), and occurrence of breast abnormality before breastfeeding cessation (2.56 (1.90, 3.46)). A significant interaction between mother’s parity (any previous pregnancy) and CD4+ count ≥350 (HR 0.63 (0.40, 0.99), P-value = 0.045) suggested that higher CD4+ count offsets the risk associated with higher parity. Further research is needed to elucidate the moderating effect of immune status on the risk associated with high parity and adverse late postnatal outcomes for infants breastfed by HIV-infected mothers in the absence of antiretroviral treatment.

Resumen

Estudios sobre los factores de riesgo para los hijos de madres infectadas con VIH-1 han sido inconsistentes y los investigadores no han estudiado las interacciones entre esos factores. En una respuesta a estas limitaciones, este estudio presenta un meta-análisis, basado en los datos de participantes individuales, de la supervivencia sin transmisión de VIH para niños que tienen un riesgo de adquirir el virus durante el periodo del amamantamiento. En total, la muestra incluyó 3,324 niños de naciones africanas que vivieron en circunstancias de recursos limitados, sobrevivieron a la edad de veintiocho días y que estuvieron en riesgo de adquirir VIH por la lactancia materna. Con un avanzado modelo de Cox, que tuvo effectos mezclados, se descubrió que la transmisión VIH y la mortalidad se asoció con el recuento de células CD4+ (CD4+ ≥350 células/μl, cociente de riesgo instantáneo (HR) 0.59 95% intervalo de confianza (0.39, 0.87)), el parto prematuro (la edad de gestación <37 semanas, 1.40 (1.03, 1.89)), una infección infantil de candidiasis oral (1.87, (1.53, 2.29)), y el acontecimiento de una enfermedad de los senos antes de que el periodo de lactancia se hubiera terminado (2.56 (1.90, 3.46)). Una interacción importante entre el número de partos y el recuento de células CD4+ (HR 0.63 (0.40, 0.99), P = 0.045) sugiere que un alto recuento de células CD4+ descuenta el riesgo asociado con el alto número de partos. Hay una necesidad de investigar como la salud immunológica materna modifica las asociaciones de riesgo entre el número de partos y los daños de los hijos que están alimentados por la lactancia materna sin métodos de prevención antirretroviral.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the investigators at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Ghent Working Group on HIV in Women and Children responsible for the Breastfeeding and HIV International Transmission Study which made this study possible. The trials participating in the BHITS project were: ANRS049a and ANRS049b (ANSRA and ANSRB), CDC RETRO-CI Study (CDC-RETRO-CI), Chlorhexidine Intervention Study (CHL), HIVNET 012 Study (HIVNET, conducted at the IMPAACT clinical trials group site U01 AI069530, with funding supported by grant N01-AI-35173), Mother–Baby Study (MB), Tanzania Micronutrient Study (MICRO), Petra Study (PETRA) and the South Africa Vitamin A Study (VITA). The present analysis resulted from a demonstration study of methods developed as part of the author’s doctoral thesis. Each of the principal investigators of the nine BHITS studies gave their consent for this research and their approval for the present report. I am grateful to Dr. Jennifer Read and Dr. Bob Harris for facilitating this project. Dr. Stefan Witkor and Dr. George Pigman provided comments on an early version of this manuscript that were greatly appreciated. Dr. William G. Cumberland advised the author during her doctoral research. This research was supported by NIH/NIAID training grant T32-AI007370.

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Correspondence to Stephanie A. Kovalchik.

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Kovalchik, S.A. Mother’s CD4+ Count Moderates the Risk Associated with Higher Parity for Late Postnatal HIV-Free Survival of Breastfed Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. AIDS Behav 16, 79–85 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-9989-8

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