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The oldest anatomical handmade skull of the world c. 1508: ‘The ugliness of growing old’ attributed to Leonardo da Vinci

Der älteste handgemachte anatomische Schädel der Welt um 1508.: „Die Widerwertigkeit des Alterns“ zugeschrieben Leonardo da Vinci

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Summary

The author discusses a previously unknown early sixteenth-century renaissance handmade anatomical miniature skull. The small, naturalistic skull made from an agate (calcedonia) stone mixture (mistioni) shows remarkable osteologic details. Dr. Saban was the first to link the skull to Leonardo. The three-dimensional perspective of and the search for the senso comune are discussed. Anatomical errors both in the drawings of Leonardo and this skull are presented. The article ends with the issue of physiognomy, his grotesque faces, the Perspective Communis and his experimenting c. 1508 with the stone mixture and the human skull. Evidence, including the Italian scale based on Crazie and Braccia, chemical analysis leading to a mine in Volterra and Leonardo’s search for the soul in the skull are presented. Written references in the inventory of Salai (1524), the inventory of the Villa Riposo (Raffaello Borghini 1584) and Don Ambrogio Mazenta (1635) are reviewed. The author attributes the skull c. 1508 to Leonardo da Vinci.

Zusammenfassung

Der Autor erörtert einen vorher noch unbekannten von Hand gemachten anatomischen Miniaturschädel aus dem frühen sechzehnten Jahrhundert. Der kleine, naturalistisch wirkende Schädel wurde aus einer künstlichen Mixtur genannt „Mistioni“ aus Agate (Calcedonia), eine mikrokristalline Varietät des Minerals Quarz gemischt u.a. mit Gips gemacht und zeigt bemerkenswerte osteologische Details. Der erste, der eine Verbindung zu Leonardo Da Vinci machte, war Dr. Saban aus Paris. Die dreidimensionale Perspektive und die Suche nach dem „Senso Comune“ werden besprochen. Anatomische Fehler, die sowohl in den Zeichnungen Leonardos als auch in diesem Schädelmodell vorkommen, werden präsentiert. Der Artikel schließt mit dem Thema der Physionomie, seinen grotesken Köpfen, der „Perspective Communis“ und seinen Experimenten um 1508 mit der Mischung Mistioni und dem menschlichen Schädel ab. Beweise, inklusive der angewandten italienischen Maße wie Crazie und Braccia sowie eine chemische Analyse, die zu einer bestimmten Mine in Volterra führt und Leonardos Suche nach dem Sitz der Seele werden vorgeführt. Schriftliche Hinweise im Nachlass von Salai (1524), dem Inventar der Villa Riposo (R. Borghini 1584) und D. A. Mazenta (1635) werden begutachtet. Der Autor schreibt diesen Schädel Leonardo da Vinci um 1508 zu.

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the expertise and help of so many in performing this research, and particularly the many academics, photographers, authors, proofreaders and experts in different fields and in so many countries who pledged to keep this information confidential until publication. These include Mag. Elisabeth Ahner, Expert Jan De Graeve, Expert Manfred Mandl, Expert Ashley Barnes, Architect and Skull Expert Michel Grandsard, Expert Pierre Dumolin, MR Dr. Wolfgang Ladenbauer, Terry Childs BChE and MAS, Dott. Marisa Addomine, Dott. Laurenzo Domenico, Mag. Andrea Missinne, Dr. Kurt Guckelsberger, Art Chamber Experts Simone and Peter Huber, Tina-Maria Seyfried, Mag. G. and MD W. Rolshausen, DDr. Bernd Kromer, Dr. Carlo Pedretti, Archduke Dr. M.S. Habsburg-Lotheringen, Univ. Prof. Dr. Nick Kanas, Curator Martin Clayton, Univ. Prof. Dr. Andrea Bernardoni, Univ. Prof. Dr. Vincenso Pascucci, Univ. Skull Expert Prof. Dr. Rolando del Maestro, Curator MA Iris Metje, Dir. Dr. M. W. Kwakkelstein, Dr. Daniel Brownstein, Primarius Pr. Univ. Prof. Dr. H. Resch, Univ. Prof. Dr. Benjamin B. Olshin, Art Expert Peter Wachholz, MA Yasmin Koppen, Dr. Dietrich Seybold, Mag. Suzanne Leitner-Böchzelt, Dir. Univ. Prof. Dr. Donatella Lippi, Expert MD Francis C. Wells, Dir. Kim H. Veltman, MD Don Pezzutto, Univ. Prof. Dr. Kurt W. Becker, Dir. Dr. Wilfried Rosendahl, Univ. Prof. Dr. Walter Alvarez, Martina Ribechini, Dir. Dr. Luisa Ottolini, Claudia Mazzotti UCSB ScienceLine, Dr. Jane MacLaren Walsh, Dr. Vera Hammer, Dr. Michele Marincola, Dr. Armin Schlechter, Prof. Dr. Annibale Mottana, Prof. Dott. Vanni Gorni, Univ. Prof. Dr. Maurits Biesbrouck, Univ. Prof. Dr. Omer Steeno, Univ. Prof. Dir. Dr. Thomas Schnalke, Paola Mazzicchi, Curator Dott. Claudio Giorgione, Dott. Silvio Leydi and Dr. Beket Bukovinsá.

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The author declares that there is no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article.

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Correspondence to Stefaan J. Missinne PhD.

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Missinne, S. The oldest anatomical handmade skull of the world c. 1508: ‘The ugliness of growing old’ attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. Wien Med Wochenschr 164, 205–212 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0282-0

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