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Survival probabilities of wintering Eurasian Woodcocks Scolopax rusticola in northern Spain reveal a direct link with hunting regimes

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Abstract

The management of game species relies on robust estimates of hunting-related mortality. A relative measure of this mortality can be obtained by comparing survival estimates of animals across similar areas with different hunting pressures. We conducted live recapture-dead recovery analyses on wintering Eurasian Woodcocks Scolopax rusticola (hereinafter “Woodcock”) in provinces of Gipuzkoa (GIP) and Álava (ALA), two neighboring regions of northern Spain. The two regions have a similar number of hunting licences issued on a per day basis, but while hunting is limited to 3 days per week in ALA, in GIP it is allowed on a daily basis, resulting in a ca. 50% longer period of exposure of game species to hunting-related mortality here. We used a model based on monthly survival estimates to test whether the mortality of Woodcock varied between the two regions. Mean (± SE from a time-constant model) annual survival of Woodcocks was estimated to be 0.37 (± 0.04) and 0.56 (± 0.04) in GIP and ALA, respectively. If we assumed that this difference was only due to the longer period of exposure to hunting, mortality was increased by ca. 10% per additional day of hunting per week. Moreover, we also found that survival was positively associated with temperature in one of the study zones (ALA), suggesting that a high hunting pressure can override the effect of climate-dependent fluctuations. However, further research into fecundity and dispersal is necessary to assess the viability and sustainability of the wintering Woodcock populations under the current hunting regimes in these two zones.

Zusammenfassung

Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten von überwinternden Waldschnepfen in Nordspanien weisen eine direkte Verbindung zu den Jagdregelungen auf

Das Management von Wildtieren ist auf verlässliche Schätzungen der durch Jagd bedingten Mortalität angewiesen. Ein relatives Maß dieser Mortalität kann man erhalten, indem man die Überlebensraten von Tieren in ähnlichen Gebieten mit unterschiedlichem Jagddruck vergleicht. Wir führten Wiederfang-Totfund-Analysen an überwinternden Waldschnepfen Scolopax rusticola in den Provinzen Gipuzkoa und Álava durch, zwei Nachbarregionen in Nordspanien. Diese zwei Regionen haben eine ähnliche Anzahl an Jagdlizenzen pro Tag. Während jedoch in Álava die Jagd auf nur drei Tage pro Woche begrenzt war, durfte in Gipuzkoa täglich gejagt werden, was einem 50% längeren Jagdzeitraum entspricht. Wir verwendeten ein Model basierend auf den monatlichen Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten, um zu testen, ob die Mortalität zwischen den beiden Regionen variierte. Die mittlere jährliche Überlebensrate der Waldschnepfe (Mittelwert ± Standardfehler aus einem Zeitkonstantenmodell) wurde auf 0.37 (± 0.04) in Gipuzkkoa und 0.56 (± 0.04) in Álava geschätzt. Wenn wir davon ausgehen, dass dieser Unterschied ausschließlich aufgrund des längeren Jagdzeitraums zustande kam, steigt in einer Woche die Mortalität um ca. 10% pro zusätzlichen Jagd-Tag. Weiterhin fanden wir heraus, dass die Überlebensrate positiv mit der Temperatur in einer der Untersuchungsgebiete (Álava) zusammenhing, was vermuten lässt, dass ein hoher Jagddruck den Effekt klimabedingter Schwankungen überdecken kann. Jedoch sind weitere Untersuchungen hinsichtlich Fekundität und Verbreitung nötig, um die Tragfähigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit der derzeitigen Jagdregelungen bezüglich der überwinternden Waldschnepfenpopulationen in diesen beiden Gebieten zu beurteilen.

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Acknowledgements

This research was partly funded by the Gipuzkoa authority and the Woodcock Hunter Club. The Gipuzkoa and the Álava authorities authorized the ringing activities. We are grateful to all those who participated in the ringing of birds and all those who reported ringed birds. Their valuable help contributed to the current level of knowledge about the species in both zones. We thank Dr. G. Péron and an anonymous referee for their constructive comments.

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Correspondence to Nerea Prieto.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Prieto, N., Tavecchia, G., Telletxea, I. et al. Survival probabilities of wintering Eurasian Woodcocks Scolopax rusticola in northern Spain reveal a direct link with hunting regimes. J Ornithol 160, 329–336 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1617-1

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