Journal of Plant Research

, Volume 127, Issue 3, pp 399–412 | Cite as

Latitudinal variation in sensitivity of flower bud formation to high temperature in Japanese Taraxacum officinale

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Abstract

Control of flowering time plays a key role in the successful range expansion of plants. Taraxacum officinale has expanded throughout Japan during the 110 years after it was introduced into a cool temperate region. The present study tested a hypothesis that there is a genetic difference in the bud formation time in relation to temperature along latitudinal gradient of T. officinale populations. In Experiment 1, plants from three populations at different latitudes (26, 36, and 43°N) were grown at three temperatures. Time to flower bud appearance did not significantly differ among the three populations when plants were grown at 14 °C, whereas it increased with increasing latitude when grown at 19 and 24 °C. Rosette diameter was not different among the populations, indicating that the variation in bud formation time reflected a difference in genetic control rather than size variation. The latitudinal variation in bud appearance time was confirmed by Experiment 2 in which plants from 17 population were used. In Experiment 3, the size of plants that exhibited late-flowering was studied to test a hypothesis that the variation in flowering time reflects dormancy of vegetative growth, but the late-flowering plants were found to continue growth, indicating that vegetative dormancy was not the cause of the variation. The results clearly indicate that the degree of suppression of flower bud formation at high temperature decreases with latitude from north to south, which is under genetic control.

Keywords

Flowering time Prereproductive period Reproductive cycle per year Summer dormancy of flowering Summer temperature Upper threshold temperature 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Takuya Tazawa and Honami Nakamura for their assistance with the biomass measurements. I would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers and the editor for providing many valuable comments and suggestions, which have helped to improve the manuscript. Part of this study was performed when the author was a researcher in Senshu University researcher system in 2011.

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Copyright information

© The Botanical Society of Japan and Springer Japan 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Institute of Natural SciencesSenshu UniversityKawasakiJapan

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