Ocean Dynamics

, Volume 63, Issue 9–10, pp 1073–1082 | Cite as

Numerical simulation of flow and aquaculture organic waste dispersion in a curved channel

Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
Part of the following topical collections:
  1. Topical Collection on the 16th biennial workshop of the Joint Numerical Sea Modelling Group (JONSMOD) in Brest, France 21-23 May 2012

Abstract

The dispersion and deposition of particulate organic matter from a fish cage located in an idealized curved channel with a 90° bend are studied for different horizontal grid resolutions. The model system consists of a three-dimensional, random-walk particle tracking model coupled to a terrain-following ocean model. The particle tracking model is a Lagrangian particle tracking simulator which uses the local flow field, simulated by the ocean model, for advection of the particles and random walk to simulate the turbulent diffusion. The sinking of particles is modeled by imposing an individual particle settling velocity. As the homogeneous water flows through the bend in the channel, the results show that a cross-channel secondary circulation is developed. The motion of this flow is similar to a helical motion where the water in the upper layers moves towards the outer bank and towards the inner bank in the lower layers. The intensity of the secondary circulation will depend on the viscosity scheme and increases as the horizontal grid resolution decreases which significantly affects the distribution of the particles on the seabed. The presence of the secondary circulation leads to that most of the particles that settle, settle close to the inner bank of the channel.

Keywords

Fish farm waste Curved channel flow Hydrodynamic modeling Particle tracking model 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

This research has received support from The Research Council of Norway through NFR 190474/s40 (ECORAIS). The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that have improved the manuscript.

References

  1. Ali A, Thiem Ø, Berntsen J (2011) Numerical modelling of organic waste dispersion from fjord located fish farms. Ocean Dyn 61:977–989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Apmann RP (1964) A case history in theory and experiment: fluid flow in bends. Isis 55(4):427–434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Asplin L, Boxaspan KK, Sandvik AD (2011a) Modeling the distribution and abundance of planktonic larval stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Norway. In: Jones S, Beamish R (eds) Salmon lice: an integrated approach to understanding parasite abundance and distribution. Wiley, Oxford. doi: 10.1002/9780470961568.ch1 Google Scholar
  4. Asplin L, Johnsen IA, Sandvik AD, Albretsen J, Sundfjord V, Aure J (2011b) Fluctuations in the physical oceanography of the Hardangerfjord and its influence on salmon lice distribution. Institute of Marine Research, NorwayGoogle Scholar
  5. Berntsen H, Kowalik Z, Slid S, Srli K (1981) Efficient numerical simulation of ocean dynamics by splitting procedure. Model Identif Control 2:181–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Berntsen J (2004) Users guide for a modesplit sigma-coordinate numerical ocean model. Technical report, Department of Mathematics, University of BergenGoogle Scholar
  7. Berntsen J, Aksnes DL, Foldvik A (2002) Production enhancement by artificial upwelling: a simulation study. Hydrobiologia 484:177–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Berntsen J, Xing J, Alendal G (2006) Assessment of non-hydrostatic ocean models using laboratory scale problems. Cont Shelf Res 26:1433–1447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Blumberg AF, Dunning DJ, Li H, Heimbuch D, Geyer WR (2004) Use of a particle-tracking model for predicting entrainment at power plants on the hudson river. Estuaries 27:515–526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Boussinesq J (1868) Memoire sur l’influence des frottements dans les mouvements reguliers des fluides. J Math Pures et Appl 2(13):377–424Google Scholar
  11. Boussinesq J (1877) Essai sur la theorie des eaux courantes. Memoires l’Academie des Sciences, T. 23 et 24Google Scholar
  12. Brickman D, Smith P (2002) Lagrangian stochastic modeling in coastal oceanography. J Atmos Ocean Technol 84:83–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Callander RA (1978) River meandering. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 10:129–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Chen YS, Beveridge M, Telfer TC (1999) Settling rate characteristics and nutrient content of the faeces of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and the implications for modelling of solid wastes dispersion. Aquacult Res 30:395–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Coffey WT, Kalmykov YP, Waldron JT (2003) Langevin equation: with application to stochastic problems in physics, chemistry and electrical engineering, 2nd edn. World Science Publishing Company, Incorporating, River EdgeGoogle Scholar
  16. Cromey C, Nickell T, KB (2002) DEPOMOD-modelling the deposition and biological effects of waste solids from marine cage farms. Aquaculture 214:211–139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Davidsen TS (2008) Numerical studies of flow in curved channels. PhD thesis, University of BergenGoogle Scholar
  18. De Vriend HJ (1931) Velocity redistribution in curved rectangular channels. J Fluid Mech 107:423–439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Doglioli A, Magaldi M, Vezzulli L, Tucci S (2004) Development of a numerical model to study the dispersion of wastes coming from a marine fish farm in the Ligurian sea (Western Mediterranean). Aquaculture 231:215–235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Dudley R, Panchan V, Newell C (2000) Application of a comprehensive modeling strategy for the management of net-pen aquaculture waste transport. Aquaculture 187:319–349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Gillibrand PA, Turrell WR (1997) Simulating the dispersion and settling of particulate material and associated substances from salmon farms. Technical report no 3/97, Aberdeen Marine Laboratory, AberdeenGoogle Scholar
  22. Jusup M, Gecek S, Legovic T (2007) Impact of aquaculture on the marine ecosystem: modelling benthic carbon loading over variable depth. Ecol Model 200:459–466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Kowalik Z, Murty TS (1993) Numerical modeling of ocean dynamics. Advanced series on ocean engineering, vol 5. World scientific, SingaporeGoogle Scholar
  24. Kutti T, Ervik A, Hansen PK (2007a) Effects of organic effluents from a salmon farm on a fjord system. I. Vertical export and dispersal processes. Aquaculture 262:367–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Kutti T, Ervik A, Hister T (2008) Effects of organic effluents from a salmon farm on a fjord system. III. Linking deposition rates of organic matter and benthic productivity. Aquaculture 282:47–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Kutti T, Hansen PK, Ervik A, Hister T, Johannessen P (2007b) Effects of organic effluents from a salmon farm on a fjord system. II. Temporal and spatial patterns in infauna community composition. Aquaculture 262:355–366CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Magill SH, Thetmeyer H, Cromy CJ (2006) Settling velocity of faecal pellets of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and sensitivity analysis using measured data in a deposition model. Aquaculture 251:295–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Marshall J, Hill C, Perelman L, Adcroft A (1997) Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling. J Geophysic Res 102:5733–5752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Martinsen EA, Engedahl H (1987) Implementation and testing of a lateral boundary scheme as an open boundary condition for a barotropic model. Coast Eng 11:603–637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Panchang V, Cheng G, Newell C (1997) Modeling hydrodynamics and aquaculture waste transport in coastal Maine. Estuaries 20:14–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Rodeon HC (1996) Stochastic lagrangian models of turbulent diffusion. Meteorol Monogr 26:1–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Smagorinsky J (1963) General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Mon Weather Rev 91(3):599–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Thomson J (1876) On the origin of windings of rivers in alluvial plains, with remarks on the flow of water round bends in pipes. Proc R Soc Lond 5:5–8Google Scholar
  34. Thomson J (1877) Experimental demonstration in respect to the origin of windings of rivers in alluvial plains, and to the mode of flow of water round bends of pipes. Proc R Soc Lond 26:356–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Tompson AFB, Gelhar LW (1990) Numerical simulation of solute transport in three-dimensional randomly heterogeneous porous media. Water Resour Res 26:2541–2562CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Torsvik T, Avlesen H, Thiem Ø (2011) Tracking of passive, neutrally buoyant particles using the Bergen Ocean Model. Technical report no 27, Uni Research, Uni Computing Department, NorwayGoogle Scholar
  37. Valdemarsen T, Bannister RJ, Hansen PK, Holmer M, Ervik A (2012) Biogeochemical malfunctioning in sediments beneath a deep-water fish farm. Environ Pollut 170:15–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Yang H, Przekwas A (1992) A comparative study of advanced shock-capturing schemes applied to Burger’s equation. J Comput Phys 102:139–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Uni Computing, Uni ResearchBergenNorway
  2. 2.Department of MathematicsUniversity of BergenBergenNorway

Personalised recommendations