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Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review

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Abstract

Human leptospirosis is considered as one of the most widespread and potentially fatal zoonotic diseases that causes high mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions of tropical and subtropical countries. The infection can arise from direct or indirect exposure of human through contaminated environment that contains leptospires or animal reservoirs that carry leptospires. The clinical manifestations during human leptospirosis ranges from asymptomatic, mild infections to severe and life-threatening complications involving multi-organ failures with kidneys, lungs and liver severely affected. Despite much efforts have been put in to unravel the pathogenesis during human leptospirosis, it remains obscure to which extent the host factors or the pathogen itself contribute towards the pathogenesis. Host innate immunity, especially, polymorphonuclear neutrophils and complement system are involved in the first line of defense during human leptospirosis. However, pathogenic Leptospira has acquired diverse evasion strategies to evade from host immunity and establish infection in infected hosts. Hence, in this review, we focus on organs pathology during human leptospiral infection and host evasion strategies employed by Leptospira. A profound understanding on leptospiral immunity and how Leptospira subvert the immune system may provide new insights on the development of therapeutic regimens against this species in future.

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Funding

This study was financially supported by the Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (UPM/700-2/1/LRGS/5526400). They also provided infrastructure support for literature search.

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  1. School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, No 1, Jalan Taylor’s, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Voon Kin Chin

  2. I Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Voon Kin Chin, S. A. Nordin & Z. Sekawi

  3. Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    R. Basir

  4. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. Abdullah

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Chin, V.K., Basir, R., Nordin, S.A. et al. Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review. Int Microbiol 23, 127–136 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-019-00067-3

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