Epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Norway 2010–2014: A retrospective cohort study

  • U. Naseer
  • M. Steinbakk
  • H. Blystad
  • D. A. Caugant
Original Article
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Abstract

Streptococcus pyogenes or group A streptococcus (GAS) causes mild to severe infections in humans. GAS genotype emm1 is the leading cause of invasive disease worldwide. In the Nordic countries emm28 has been the dominant type since the 1980s. Recently, a resurgence of genotype emm1 was reported from Sweden. Here we present the epidemiology of invasive GAS (iGAS) infections and their association with emm-types in Norway from 2010–2014. We retrospectively collected surveillance data on antimicrobial susceptibility, multilocus sequence type and emm-type, and linked them with demographic and clinical manifestation data to calculate age and sex distributions, major emm- and sequence types and prevalence ratios (PR) on associations between emm-types and clinical manifestations. We analysed 756 iGAS cases and corresponding isolates, with overall incidence of 3.0 per 100000, median age of 59 years (range, 0–102), and male 56 %. Most frequent clinical manifestation was sepsis (49 %) followed by necrotizing fasciitis (9 %). Fifty-two different emm-types and 67 sequence types were identified, distributed into five evolutionary clusters. The most prevalent genotype was emm1 (ST28) in all years (range, 20–33 %) followed by 15 % emm28 in 2014. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, 15 % resistant to tetracycline and <4 % resistant to erythromycin. A PR of 4.5 (95 % CI, 2.3–8.9) was calculated for emm2 and necrotizing fasciitis. All emm22 isolates were resistant to tetracycline PR 7.5 (95 % CI, 5.8–9.9). This study documented the dominance of emm1, emergence of emm89 and probable import of tetracycline resistant emm112.2 into Norway (2010–2014). Genotype fluctuations between years suggested a mutual exclusive dominance of evolutionary clades.

Keywords

Necrotising Fasciitis Prevalence Ratio Tetracycline Resistance National Reference Laboratory Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgements

The excellent technical assistance provided by Anne Witsø, Jan Oksnes, Anne Alme Ramstad and Gunnhild Rødal is highly acknowledged. We would also like to thank the staffs at all medical microbiological laboratories providing iGAS isolates to the National Reference Laboratory, and local and international EUPHEM coordinators for guidance and assistance in all stages of this study.

Compliance with ethical standards

Funding

This study was funded by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

Ethical approval

For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Informed consent

No identifying information is included.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • U. Naseer
    • 1
    • 2
  • M. Steinbakk
    • 1
  • H. Blystad
    • 1
  • D. A. Caugant
    • 1
    • 3
  1. 1.Domain for Environmental Health and Infectious Disease ControlNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
  2. 2.European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM)European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)StockholmSweden
  3. 3.Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway

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