Abstract
Migraine with and without aura, cluster headache, hypnic headache, and paroxysmal hemicranias are each reported as intrinsically related to sleep. Chronic migraine, chronic tension-type headache, and medication overuse headache may cause sleep disturbance. Otherwise, both headache and sleep disorder may be manifestations of a same systemic dysfunction. There is a vicious cycle linking sleep disorders and migraine. The poor quality or poor duration of sleep could be a trigger of migraine attack and migraineurs with poor sleep reported a higher headache frequency. Moreover, coping behaviors of migraineurs (e.g., going to sleep early to relieve migraine attacks) can be factors precipitating and perpetuating sleep disturbances themselves. During cluster headache, patients report a poor quality of sleep correlated with the amount of daylight. In particular, it was demonstrated that melatonin levels have influences on cluster headache attacks. Concerning the pathophysiology of hypnic headache, it has been hypothesized a possible role of obstructive sleep apnea in triggering nocturnal attacks: an increased number of apnea episodes has been reported in hypnic headache patients, but a lack of a temporal correlation of headache attacks with the drop of oxygen saturation has been observed. Tension-type headache is the most common headache with sleep dysregulation (lack of sleep or oversleeping) frequently reported as a triggering factor for acute attacks: management of sleep disturbances seems crucial in this form of headache.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Romberg M (1853) A manual of the nervous diseases of man. Sydenham Society, London
Living E (1873) On megrim, sick headache, and some allied disorders. Churchill, London
Singh NN, Sahota P (2013) Sleep-related headache and its management. Curr Treat Opt Neurol 15:704–722
Poceta JS, Rains JC (2008) Sleep and headache syndromes. Sleep Med Clin 3:427–441
Rains JC, Poceta JS (2012) Sleep-related headache. In: Vaughn B (ed) Neurologic clinics, vol 30. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 1285–1298
Rains JC, Poceta JS, Penzien DB (2008) Sleep and headaches. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 8:167–175
Rains JC, Poceta JS (2006) Headache and sleep disorders: review and clinical implications for headache management. Headache. 46:1344–1363
Berger H (1934) Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 102:538–557
Aserinsky E, Kleitman N (1953) Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 118:273–274
Cirelli C, Tononi G (2015) Sleep and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep 38:161–162
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O’Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M (2013) Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 342(6156):373–377
Siegel JM (2001) The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis. Science 294:1058–1063
van der Helm E, Gujar N, Walker MP (2010) Sleep deprivation impairs the accurate recognition of human emotions. Sleep 33:335–342
Goldstein AN, Walker MP (2014) The role of sleep in emotional brain function. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 10:679–708
Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan S (2007) The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications, 1st edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester
Yeo SS, Chang PH, Jang SH (2013) The ascending reticular activating system from pontine reticular formation to the thalamus in the human brain. Front Hum Neurosci 7:416
Lavigne G, Zucconi M, Castronovo C, Manzini C, Marchettini P, Smirne S (2000) Sleep arousal response to experimental thermal stimulation during sleep in human subjects free of pain and sleep problems. Pain 84:283–290
Bentley AJ (2007) Pain perception during sleep and circadian influences: the experimental evidence. In: Lavigne GS, Sessle BJ, Choinière M, Soja PJ (eds) Sleep and pain. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 123–136
Bruni O, Russo PM, Ferri R, Novelli L, Galli F, Guidetti V (2008) Relationships between headache and sleep in a non-clinical population of children and adolescents. Sleep Med 9:542–548
Holland P, Goadsby PJ (2007) The hypothalamic orexinergic system: pain and primary headaches. Headache 47:951–962
Tang NK, Wright KJ, Salkovskis PM (2007) Prevalence and correlates of clinical insomnia co-occurring with chronic back pain. J Sleep Res 16:85–95
Vgontzas AN, Chrousos GP (2002) Sleep, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, and cytokines: multiple interactions and disturbances in sleep disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 31:15–36
Okura K, Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, Manzini C, Fillipini D, Montplaisir JY (2008) Comparison of sleep variables between chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, insomnia, periodic leg movements syndrome and control subjects in a clinical sleep medicine practice. Sleep Med 9:352–361
Moldofsky H (2001) Sleep and pain: clinical review. Sleep Med Rev 5:387–398
Burns JW, Crofford LJ, Chervin RD (2008) Sleep stage dynamics in fibromyalgia patients and controls. Sleep Med 9:689–696
Rains JC, Penzien DB (2003) Sleep and chronic pain challenges to the a-EEG sleep pattern as a pain specific sleep anomaly. J Psychosom Res 54:77–83
Silberstein SD (1995) Migraine symptoms: results of a survey of self-reported migraineurs. J Head Face Pain 35:387–396
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (HIS) (2013) The international classification of headache disorders. 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 33:629–808
GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Lin YK, Lin GY, Lee JT, Lee MS, Tsai CK, Hsu YW, Lin YZ, Tsai YC, Yang FC (2016) Associations between sleep quality and migraine frequency: a cross-sectional case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 95(17):e3554
Zhu Z, Fan X, Li X, Tan G, Chen L, Zhou J (2013) Prevalence and predictive factors for poor sleep quality among migraineurs in a tertiary hospital headache clinic. Acta Neurol Belg 113:229–235
Ong JC, Park M (2012) Chronic headaches and insomnia: working toward a biobehavioral model. Cephalgia 32(14):1059–1070
Strine TW, Chapman DP, Balluz LS (2006) Population based US study of severe headaches in adults: psychological distress and comorbidities. Headache 46:223–232
Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Hernández-Barrera V, Carrasco-Garrido P, Alonso-Blanco C, Palacios-Ceña D, Jiménez-Sánchez S, Jiménez-García R (2010) Population-based study of migraine in Spanish adults: relation to socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and co-morbidity with other conditions. J Headache Pain 11:97–104
Song TJ, Yun CH, Cho SJ, Kim WJ, Yang KI, Chu MK (2018) Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality among migraineurs: a population-based study. Cephalgia 38:855–864
Manconi M, Ferri R, Sagrada C, Punjabi NM, Tettamanzi E, Zucconi M, Oldani A, Castronovo V, Ferini-Strambi L (2010) Measuring the error in sleep estimation in normal subjects and in patients with insomnia. J Sleep Res 19:478–486
Odegard SS, Sand T, Engstrom M, Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K (2011) The long-term effect of insomnia on primary headaches: a prospective population based cohort study (HUNT-2 and HUNT-3). Headache 51:570–580
Odegard SS, Sand T, Engstrom M, Zwart JA, Hagen K (2013) The impact of headache and chronic musculoskeletal complaints on the risk of insomnia: longitudinal data from the Nord-Trondelag health study. J Headache Pain 14:24
Kim J, Cho SJ, Kim WJ, Yang KI, Yun CH, Chu MK (2018) Impact of migraine on the clinical presentation of insomnia: a population based study. J Headache Pain 19:86
Calhoun AH, Ford S (2007) Behavioral sleep modification may revert transformed migraine to episodic migraine. Headache. 47:1178–1183
Smitherman TA, Kuka AJ, Calhoun AH, Walters ABP, Davis-Martin RE, Ambrose CE, Rains JC, Houle TT (2018) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia to reduce chronic migraine: a sequential Bayesian analysis. Headache. 58:1052–1059
Russell MB, Kristiansen HA, Kvaerner KJ (2014) Headache in sleep apnea syndrome: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Cephalalgia. 34:752–755
Scher AI, Midgette LA, Lipton RB (2008) Risk factors for headache chronification. Headache. 48:16–25
Johnson K, Ziemba AM, Garb JL (2013) Improvement in headaches with continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective analysis. Headache. 53(2):333–343
Eckert DJ, White DP, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, Wellman A (2013) Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:996–1004
Walker JM, Farney RJ, Rhondeau SM, Boyle KM, Valentine K, Cloward TV, Shilling KC (2007) Chronic opioid use is a risk factor for the development of central sleep apnea and ataxic breathing. J Clin Sleep Med 3:455–461
Van Ryswyk E, Antic NA (2016) Opioids and sleep-disordered breathing. Chest 150:934–944
Lam KK, Kunder S, Wong J, Doufas AG, Chung F (2016) Obstructive sleep apnea, pain, and opioids: is the riddle solved? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 29:134–140
van Oosterhout W, van Someren E, Schoonman GG, Louter MA, Lammers GJ, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM (2017) Chronotypes and circadian timing in migraine. Cephalalgia 1:333102417698953
De Tommaso M, Delussi M (2018) Circadian rhythms of migraine attacks in episodic and chronic patients: a cross sectional study in a headache center population. BMC Neurol 18:94
Schurks M, Winter A, Berger K, Kurth T (2014) Migraine and restless legs syndrome: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 34:777–794
Ondo WG, He Y, Rajasekaran S, Le WD (2000) Clinical correlates of 6-hydroxydopamine injections into A11 dopaminergic neurons in rats: a possible model for restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 15:154–158
Dauvilliers Y, Winkelmann J (2013) Restless legs syndrome: update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 19:594–600
van Oosterhout WP, van Someren EJ, Louter MA, Schoonman GG, Lammers GJ, Rijsman RM, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM (2016) Restless legs syndrome in migraine patients: prevalence and severity. Eur J Neurol 23:1110–1116
Suzuki K, Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Suzuki S, Watanabe Y, Takashima R, Hirata K (2013) Dreamenacting behaviour is associated with impaired sleep and severe headache-related disability in migraine patients. Cephalalgia 33:868–878
Arruda MA, Guidetti V, Galli F, Albuquerque RC, Bigal ME (2010) Childhood periodic syndromes: a population-based study. Pediatr Neurol 43:420–424
Lopez R, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y (2015) Pain in sleepwalking: a clinical enigma. Sleep. 38:1693–1698
Fernandes G, Franco AL, Goncalves DA, Speciali JG, Bigal ME, Camparis CM (2013) Temporomandibular disorders, sleep bruxism, and primary headaches are mutually associated. J Orofac Pain 27:14–20
Vgontzas A, Pavlovic JM (2018) Sleep disorders and migraine: review of literature and potential pathophysiology mechanisms. Headache 58:1030–1039
Jensen R, Stovner LJ (2008) Epidemiology and comorbidity of headache. Lancet Neurol 7:354–361
Martin PR, MacLeod C (2009) Behavioral management of headache triggers: avoidance of triggers is an inadequate strategy. Clin Psychol Rev 29:483–495
Engstrøm M, Hagen K, Bjørk M, Stovner LJ, Stjern M, Sand T (2014) Sleep quality, arousal and pain thresholds in tension-type headache: a blinded controlled polysomnographic study. Cephalalgia 34:455–463
Chiu YH, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ, Ray D, Gupta A, Dickens C, Morriss R, McBeth J (2005) Poor sleep and depression are independently associated with a reduced pain threshold: results of a population based study. Pain 115:316–321
Rains JC, Davis RE, Smitherman TA (2015) Tension-type headache and sleep. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 15:520
Dodick DW, Eross EJ, Parish JM, Silber M (2003) Clinical, anatomical, and physiologic relationship between sleep and headache. Headache 43:282–292
Fischera M, Marziniak M, Gralow I, Evers S (2008) The incidence and prevalence of cluster headache: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Cephalalgia. 28:614–618
Waldenlind E, Gustafsson SA, Ekbom K, Wetterberg L (1987) Circadian secretion of cortisol and melatonin in cluster headache during active cluster periods and remission. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:207–213
Leone M, D’Amico D, Moschiano F, Fraschini F, Bussone G (1996) Melatonin versus placebo in the prophylaxis of cluster headache: a double-blind pilot study with parallel groups. Cephalalgia 16:494–496
Lund NL, Snoer AH, Ptersen AS, Beske RP, Jennum PJ, Jensen RH, Barloese MCJ (2019) Disturbed sleep in cluster headache is not the result of transient processes associated with the cluster period. Eur J Neurol 26:290–298
Raskin NH (1988) The hypnic headache syndrome. Headache. 28:534–536
Holle D, Naegel S, Obermann M (2013) Hypnic headache. Cephalalgia. 33:1349–1357
Holle D, Wessendorf TE, Zaremba S, Naegel S, Diener HC, Katsarava Z, Gaul C, Obermann M (2011) Serial polysomnography in hypnic headache. Cephalalgia. 31:286–290
Pinessi L, Rainero I, Cicolin A, Zibetti M, Gentile S, Mutani R (2003) Hypnic headache syndrome: association of the attacks with REM sleep. Cephalalgia. 23:150–154
Lanteri-Minet M (2014) Hypnic headache. Headache. 54(9):1556–1559
Lund NL, Snoer AH, Jennum PJ, Jensen RH, Barloese MCJ (2018) Sleep in cluster headache revisited: results from a controlled actigraphic study. Cephalalgia:033310241881550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102418815506
Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S (2019) Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 98:e14099. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014099
Palacios-Ceña M, Wang K, Castaldo M, Ordás-Bandera C, Torelli P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C (2019) Variables associated with the use of prophylactic amitriptyline treatment in patients with tension-type headache. Clin J Pain 35(4):315320
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical standards
This article does not contain any original study with human subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ferini-Strambi, L., Galbiati, A. & Combi, R. Sleep disorder-related headaches. Neurol Sci 40 (Suppl 1), 107–113 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-03837-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-03837-z