Abstract
While there are plenty of experimental studies pertaining to the dust generation from and dustiness of powders, few of them aim at reaching a theoretical understanding of the phenomena. In the present article, the literature on dustiness has been systematically reviewed with respect to its contribution to a better comprehension of the processes involved. The majority of industrial raw materials exist in the form of dry powders. Due to the complex interplay of multiple parameters, a theoretical understanding of dust generation processes is not trivial and presently relies on experimental studies using bench top testers called dustiness testers. Given the existence of several reviews about dustiness testers, the present review is limited to the presentation of the drop test and the rotating drum and a relatively new tester, the vortex shaker. The vortex shaker uses mechanical agitation (‘shaking’) of a small bulk solid sample to generate dust particles. Parametric studies related to sample mass, particle size and particle size distribution, moisture content, bulk density, particle shape, temporal evolution, angle of repose, and cohesion were reviewed. Approaches to modelling dustiness have been systematically reviewed. The simplest and most straightforward one consists of defining the dust emission as a result of empirical terms describing the ratio between the cohesion and separation forces. Good results could be reached through that approach but its simplistic assumptions may limit its validity to narrow ranges of conditions the parameters must be adapted to. To reach a more systematic understanding, numerical modelling methods such as computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method must be considered. Their combined use along with population balance modelling is currently the most complete approach but it is computationally very demanding. In order to make progress in theoretical dustiness studies, both the simplified and the numerical modelling approaches should be followed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hazard prevention and control in the work environment: airbornedust. Technical report. World Health Organization and others (1999)
Iso 4225 : Air quality—general aspects—vocabulary. Technical report International Organization for Standardization (1994)
Klippel, A., Schmidt, M., Krause, U.: Dustiness in workplace safety and explosion protection—review and outlook. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 34, 22 (2015)
Junemann, R., Holzhauer, R.: Reduction of bulk emissions in bulk handling installations. Bulk Solids Handl. 12(2), 217 (1992)
Liu, Z., Wypych, P., Cooper, P.: Dust generation and air entrainment in bulk materials handling—a review. Powder handl. Process. 11(4), 421 (1999)
H.D. of Respiratory Disease Studies, Work-related Lung DiseaseSurveillance Report, 1996. pp. 96-134 US Department of Health andHuman Services, Public Health Service, Centers... (1996)
Iossifova, Y., Bailey, R., Wood, J., Kreiss, K.: Concurrent silicosis and pulmonary mycosis at death. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16(2), 318 (2010)
Levy, A., Kalman, C.J.: Handbook of Conveying and Handling of Particulate Solids, vol. 10. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2001)
Hinds, W.C.: Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles. Wiley, New York (2012)
LidÉN, G.: Dustiness testing of materials handled at workplaces. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(5), 437 (2006)
de Normalisation, C.E.: Workplace atmospheres: size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles in the workplace. CEN Standard EN, vol. 481 (1992)
Malda, J., Frondoza, C.G.: Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone. Trends Biotechnol. 24(7), 299 (2006)
Bell, A.T.: The impact of nanoscience on heterogeneous catalysis. Science 299(5613), 1688 (2003)
Li, Y., Somorjai, G.A.: Nanoscale advances in catalysis and energy applications. Nano Lett. 10(7), 2289 (2010)
Gundogdu, O., Jenneson, P.: Understanding nanoagglomerates. Adv. Sci. Lett. 1(2), 161 (2008)
Brune, H., Ernst, H., Grunwald, A., Grünwald, W., Hofmann, H., Krug, H., Janich, P., Mayor, M., Rathgeber, W., Schmid, G., et al.: Nanotechnology: Assessment and Perspectives, vol. 27. Springer, Berlin (2006)
Plitzko, S., Gierke, E.: Tätigkeiten mit nanomaterialien in deutschland–gemeinsame fragebogenaktion der bundesanstalt für arbeitsschutz und arbeitsmedizin (baua) und des verbands der chemischen industrie. Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft (german edition) 67(10), 419 (2007)
Peters, T.M., Elzey, S., Johnson, R., Park, H., Grassian, V.H., Maher, T., O’Shaughnessy, P.: Airborne monitoring to distinguish engineered nanomaterials from incidental particles for environmental health and safety. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 6(2), 73 (2008)
Evans, D.E., Ku, B.K., Birch, M.E., Dunn, K.H.: Aerosol monitoring during carbon nanofiber production: mobile direct-reading sampling. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54(5), 514 (2010)
Evans, D.E., Turkevich, L.A., Roettgers, C.T., Deye, G.J., Baron, P.A.: Dustiness of fine and nanoscale powders. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 57(2), 261 (2012)
Hamelmann, F., Schmidt, E.: Methods of estimating the dustiness of industrial powders—a review. KONA Powder Part. J. 21, 7 (2003)
Breum, N., Schneider, T., Jørgensen, O., Valdbjørn Rasmussen, T., Skibstrup Eriksen, S.: Cellulosic building insulation versus mineral wool, fiberglass or perlite: installer’s exposure by inhalation of fibers, dust, endotoxin and fire-retardant additives. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(8), 653 (2003)
Madsen, A., Mårtensson, L., Schneider, T., Larsson, L.: Microbial dustiness and particle release of different biofuels. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 48(4), 327 (2004)
Madsen, A.M.: Exposure to airborne microbial components in autumn and spring during work at Danish biofuel plants. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(8), 821 (2006)
Heitbrink, W.A., Todd, W.F., Fischbach, T.J.: Correlation of tests for material dustiness with worker exposure from the bagging of powders. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 4(1), 12 (1989)
Heitbrink, W.A., Todd, W.F., Cooper, T.C., O’Brien, D.M.: The application of dustiness tests to the prediction of worker dust exposure. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51(4), 217 (1990)
Cowherd, C., Grelinger, M.A., Wong, K.F.: Dust inhalation exposures from the handling of small volumes of powders. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 50(3), 131 (1989)
Class, P., deghilage, P., Brown, R.: Dustiness of different high-temperature insulation wools and refractory ceramic fibres. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 45(5), 381 (2001)
Petavratzi, E., Kingman, S., Lowndes, I.: Particulates from mining operations: a review of sources, effects and regulations. Miner. Eng. 18(12), 1183 (2005)
Tsai, C.J., Huang, C.Y., Chen, S.C., Ho, C.E., Huang, C.H., Chen, C.W., Chang, C.P., Tsai, S.J., Ellenbecker, M.J.: Exposure assessment of nano-sized and respirable particles at different workplaces. J. Nanopart. Res. 13(9), 4161 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-011-0361-8
Dubey, P., Ghia, U., Turkevich, L.A.: Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the venturi dustiness tester. Powder Technol. 312, 310 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.030
Pujara, C., Kildsig, D.: Effect of individual particle characteristics on airborne emissions. Drugs Pharm. Sci. 108, 29 (2001)
Blome, H.: Umgang mit partikelförmigen schadstoffen. Sich. Arb. 1, 19 (2001)
Barig, A., Blome, H.: Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert. Gefahrst. Reinhalt. Luft 62(1), 2 (2002)
Plinke, M.A., Leith, D., Boundy, M.G., Löffler, F.: Dust generation from handling powders in industry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56(3), 251 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1080/15428119591017088
Plinke, M., Leith, D., Hathaway, R., Loeffler, F.: Cohesion in granular materials. Bulk Solids Handl. 14(1), 101 (1994)
Petavratzi, E., Kingman, S., Lowndes, I.: Assessment of the dustiness and the dust liberation mechanisms of limestone quarry operations. Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensif. 46(12), 1412 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.11.005
Peters, N.: Turbulent Combustion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000)
Holmes, N., Morawska, L.: A review of dispersion modelling and its application to the dispersion of particles: an overview of different dispersion models available. Atmos. Environ. 40(30), 5902 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.003
Blöschl, G., Sivapalan, M.: Scale issues in hydrological modelling: a review. Hydrol. Process. 9(3–4), 251 (1995)
Gill, T.E., Zobeck, T.M., Stout, J.E.: Technologies for laboratory generation of dust from geological materials. J. Hazard. Mater. 132(1), 1 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.083
Reznik, G., Klenk, U., Schmidt, E.: Untersuchungen zur Staubungsneigung von Braunkohle unterschiedlicher Feuchte. Chem. Ing. Tech. 78(12), 1885 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200600072
Nichols, G., Byard, S., Bloxham, M.J., Botterill, J., Dawson, N.J., Dennis, A., Diart, V., North, N.C., Sherwood, J.D.: A review of the terms agglomerate and aggregate with a recommendation for nomenclature used in powder and particle characterization. J. Pharm. Sci. 91(10), 2103 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.10191
Bihan, O.L.C.L., Ustache, A., Bernard, D., Aguerre-Chariol, O., Morgeneyer, M.: Experimental study of the aerosolization from a carbon nanotube bulk by a vortex shaker. J. Nanomater. 2014, 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/193154
Boundy, M., Leith, D., Polton, T.: Method to evaluate the dustiness of pharmaceutical powders. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(5), 453 (2006)
Saleh, K., Jaoude, M.T.M.A., Morgeneyer, M., Lefrancois, E., Bihan, O.L., Bouillard, J.: Dust generation from powders: a characterization test based on stirred fluidization. Powder Technol. 255, 141 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.10.051
C. EN 15051. European committee for standardization, Brussels (2006)
Morgeneyer, M., Le Bihan, O., Ustache, A., Aguerre-Chariol, O.: Experimental study of the aerosolization of fine alumina particles from bulk by a vortex shaker. Powder Technol. 246, 583 (2013)
Pensis, I., Mareels, J., Dahmann, D., Mark, D.: Comparative evaluation of the dustiness of industrial minerals according to European standard EN 15051. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54(2), 204–216 (2009)
Stauber, D., Beutel, R.: Determination and control of the dusting potential of feed premixes. Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem. 318(7), 522 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00678754
Hjemsted, K., Schneider, T.: Documentation of a dustiness drum test. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 40(6), 627 (1996)
Maynard, A.D., Baron, P.A., Foley, M., Shvedova, A.A., Kisin, E.R., Castranova, V.: Exposure to carbon nanotube material: aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 67(1), 87 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490253688
Ogura, I., Sakurai, H., Gamo, M.: Dustiness testing of engineered nanomaterials. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 170(1), 012003 (2009)
Plinke, M.A., Maus, R., Leith, D.: Experimental examination of factors that affect dust generation by using Heubach and MRI testers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53(5), 325 (1992)
Duan, M., Wang, Y., Ren, X., Qu, X., Cao, Y., Yang, Y., Nian, L.: Correlation analysis of three influencing factors and the dust production rate for a free-falling particle stream. Particuology 34, 126 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.03.003
Wang, Y., Ren, X., Zhao, J., Chu, Z., Cao, Y., Yang, Y., Duan, M., Fan, H., Qu, X.: Experimental study of flow regimes and dust emission in a free falling particle stream. Powder Technol. 292, 14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.01.016
Schofield, C., Sutton, H., Waters, K.: The generation of dust by materials handling operations. J. Powder Bulk Solids Technol. 3(3), 40–44 (1979)
Ding, Y., Stahlmecke, B., Kaminski, H., Jiang, Y., Kuhlbusch, T.A., Riediker, M.: Deagglomeration testing of airborne nanoparticle agglomerates: stability analysis under varied aerodynamic shear and relative humidity conditions. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 50(11), 1253 (2016)
Visser, G.: A wind-tunnel study of the dust emissions from the continuous dumping of coal. Atmos. Environ. Part A. Gen. Top. 26(8), 1453 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90130-d
Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Houck, J.E., Pritchett, L.C., Rogers, C.F., Frazier, C.A., Egami, R.T., Ball, B.M.: A laboratory resuspension chamber to measure fugitive dust size distributions and chemical compositions. Atmos. Environ. 28(21), 3463 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90005-1
Schneider, T., Jensen, K.A.: Combined single-drop and rotating drum dustiness test of fine to nanosize powders using a small drum. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52(1), 23 (2007)
Stahlmecke, B., Wagener, S., Asbach, C., Kaminski, H., Fissan, H., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J.: Investigation of airborne nanopowder agglomerate stability in an orifice under various differential pressure conditions. J. Nanopart. Res. 11(7), 1625 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9731-x
Chung, K., Burdett, G.: Dustiness testing and moving towards a biologically relevant dustiness index. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 38(6), 945 (1994)
Breum, N.: The rotating drum dustiness tester: variability in dustiness in relation to sample mass, testing time, and surface adhesion. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 43(8), 557 (1999)
Ansart, R., De Ryck, A., Dodds, J.A., Roudet, M., Fabre, D., Charru, F.: Dust emission by powder handling: comparison between numerical analysis and experimental results. Powder Technol. 190(1–2), 274 (2009)
Bach, S., Schmidt, E.: Determining the dustiness of powders-a comparison of three measuring devices. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52(8), 717 (2008)
Chakravarty, S., Le Bihan, O., Fischer, M., Morgeneyer, M.: In: EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 140, p. 13018. EDP Sciences (2017)
Han, J., Zhu, Z., Qian, H., Wohl, A.R., Beaman, C.J., Hoye, T.R., Macosko, C.W.: A simple confined impingement jets mixer for flash nanoprecipitation. J. Pharm. Sci. 101(10), 4018 (2012)
Jensen, K., Kembouche, Y., Christiansen, E., Jacobsen, N., Wallin, H., Guiot, C., Spalla, O., Witschger, O.: NANOGENOTOX Joint Action (2011)
Ogura, I., Kotake, M., Sakurai, H., Gamo, M.: Emission and exposure assessment of manufactured nanomaterials. english version (26 october 2012). nedo project (p06041)“research and development of nanoparticle characterization methods.” (2012)
Chen, X., Wheeler, C., Donohue, T., McLean, R., Roberts, A.: Evaluation of dust emissions from conveyor transfer chutes using experimental and CFD simulation. Int. J. Min. Process. 110, 101 (2012)
Heitbrink, W.A., Baron, P.A., Willeke, K.: An investigation of dust generation by free falling powders. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53(10), 617 (1992)
Klinzing, G.E., Rizk, F., Marcus, R., Leung, L.: Pneumatic Conveying of Solids: A Theoretical and Practical Approach. Springer, Berlin (2011)
Stein, M., Seville, J., Parker, D.: Attrition of porous glass particles in a fluidised bed. Powder Technol. 100(2–3), 242 (1998)
Bemrose, C., Bridgwater, J.: A review of attrition and attrition test methods. Powder Technol. 49(2), 97 (1987)
Bailey, A.: Electrostatic phenomena during powder handling. Powder Technol. 37(1), 71 (1984)
Israelachvili, J.N.: Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic press, New York (2011)
Seville, J., Willett, C., Knight, P.: Interparticle forces in fluidisation: a review. Powder Technol. 113(3), 261 (2000)
Castellanos, A.: The relationship between attractive interparticle forces and bulk behaviour in dry and uncharged fine powders. Adv. Phys. 54(4), 263 (2005)
Pietsch, W.B.: Agglomeration Processes: Phenomena, Technologies, Equipment. Wiley, New York (2008)
Calin, L., Caliap, L., Neamtu, V., Morar, R., Iuga, A., Samuila, A., Dascalescu, L.: Tribocharging of granular plastic mixtures in view of electrostatic separation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 44(4), 1045 (2008)
Krupp, H.: Particles adhesion theory and experiment. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1, 111 (1967)
Butt, H.J., Kappl, M.: Normal capillary forces. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 146(1–2), 48 (2009)
Seville, J., Tüzün, U., Clift, R.: Processing of particulate solids, vol. 9. Springer, Berlin (2012)
Schmidt, E.: Fractional release rate—a novel concept to quantify the dustiness of powders. Chem. Ing. Tech. 87(5), 638 (2015)
Davies, K., Hammond, C., Higman, R., Wells, A.: Progress in dustiness estimation: British occupational hygiene society technology committee working party on dustiness estimation. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32(4), 535 (1988)
Lyons, C., Mark, D.: Development and Testing of a Procedure to Evaluate the Dustiness of Powders and Dusts in Industrial Use. HSE Books, Norwich (1994)
Pujara, C.P.: Determination of factors that affect the generation of airborne particles from bulk pharmaceutical powders. Thesis UMI number 9808505, Purdue University Graduate School (1997)
Schofield, C.: Dust generation and control in materials handling. Bulk Solids Handl. 1(3), 419 (1981)
Sethi, S., Schneider, T.: A gas fluidization dustiness tester. J. Aerosol Sci. 27, S305 (1996)
Janhunen, H., Nylander, L., Heikkila, P., Raunemaa, T.: Improved dustiness testing using a three stage im-pactor. In: 3rd Finish Aerosol symposium, pp. 1–6. Finland, Sipoo (1988)
Goodfellow, H., Smith, J.: In: Proceedings of Second International Symposium Ventilation for Contaminant Control, pp. 175–182 (1989)
Farrugia, T., Ahmed, N., Jameson, G.: A new technique for measuring dustiness of coal. J. Coal Qual. 8(2), 51 (1989)
Westborg, S., Cortsen, C.: Determination of dustiness of coal by the rotating drum method. J. Coal Qual. 9(3), 77 (1990)
Bröckel, U., Wahl, M., Kirsch, R., Feise, H.J.: Formation and growth of crystal bridges in bulk solids. Chem. Eng. Technol.: Ind. Chem.-Plant Equip.-Process Eng.-Biotechnol. 29(6), 691 (2006)
Jensen, K.A., Koponen, I.K., Clausen, P.A., Schneider, T.: Dustiness behaviour of loose and compacted Bentonite and organoclay powders: What is the difference in exposure risk? J. Nanopart. Res. 11(1), 133 (2009)
Fu, X., Huck, D., Makein, L., Armstrong, B., Willen, U., Freeman, T.: Effect of particle shape and size on flow properties of lactose powders. Particuology 10(2), 203 (2012)
Leith, D.: Drag on nonspherical objects. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 6(2), 153 (1987)
Authier-Martin, M.: Essential Readings in Light Metals, pp. 774–782. Springer, Berlin (2016)
Hjemsted, K., Schneider, T.: Dustiness from powder materials. J. Aerosol Sci. 27, S485 (1996)
Olsen, D., Behrens, C., Hamberg, K., Prytz, A., Tveten, E.: In: Proceedings of the 6th International Alumina Quality Workshop 2002, pp. 1–9
Chakravarty, S., Fischer, M., García-Triñanes, P., Dalle, M., Meunier, L., Aguerre-Chariol, O., Le Bihan, O., Morgeneyer, M.: Long-term dust generation from silicon carbide powders. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 116, 115 (2018)
Prescott, J.K., Barnum, R.A.: On powder flowability. Pharm. Technol. 24(10), 60 (2000)
Ganesan, V., Rosentrater, K.A., Muthukumarappan, K.: Flowability and handling characteristics of bulk solids and powders—a review with implications for DDGS. Biosyst. Eng. 101(4), 425 (2008)
Iqbal, T., Fitzpatrick, J.: Effect of storage conditions on the wall friction characteristics of three food powders. J. Food Eng. 72(3), 273 (2006)
Teunou, E., Fitzpatrick, J., Synnott, E.: Characterisation of food powder flowability. J. Food Eng. 39(1), 31 (1999)
Teunou, E., Vasseur, J., Krawczyk, M.: Measurement and interpretation of bulk solids angle of repose for industrial process design. Powder Handl. Process. 7(3), 219 (1995)
Carr, R.L.: Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chem. Eng. 18, 163 (1965)
Hsieh, H.: Measurement of flowability and dustiness of alumina. Light Met. 1987, 139–149 (1987)
Clayton, J.: Reviewing current practice in powder testing. Org. Process Res. Dev. 19(1), 102 (2014)
Visser, J.: Van der Waals and other cohesive forces affecting powder fluidization. Powder Technol. 58(1), 1 (1989)
Shi, H., Mohanty, R., Chakravarty, S., Cabiscol, R., Morgeneyer, M., Zetzener, H., Ooi, J., Kwade, A., Luding, S.: Effect of particle size and cohesion on powder yielding and flow. KONA Powder Part. J. 35, 226–250 (2018)
Heitbrink, W.A.: Factors affecting the Heubach and MRI dustiness tests. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51(4), 210 (1990)
Forsythe, W., Hertwig, W.: Attrition characteristics of fluid cracking catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41(6), 1200 (1949)
Olsen, D.: In: Fifth International Alumina Quality Workshop, pp. 1–11. WA, Australia, Bunbury (1999)
Nabeel, M., Karasev, A., Jönsson, P.G.: Evaluation of dust generation during mechanical wear of iron ore pellets. ISIJ Intl. 56(6), 960–966 (2016)
Chakravarty, S., Fischer, M., García-Triñanes, P., Parker, D., Le Bihan, O., Morgeneyer, M.: Study of the particle motion induced by a vortex shaker. Powder Technol. 322, 54–64 (2017)
Hutchings, I.: Mechanisms of wear in powder technology: a review. Powder Technol. 76(1), 3 (1993)
Boerefijn, R., Gudde, N., Ghadiri, M.: A review of attrition of fluid cracking catalyst particles. Adv. Powder Technol. 11(2), 145 (2000)
Lanning, J.S., Boundy, M.G., Leith, D.: Validating a model for the prediction of dust generation. Part. Sci. Technol. 13(2), 105 (1995)
Bansal, R.: A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics. Firewall Media, New Delhi (2005)
Jiang, X., Lai, C.H.: Numerical Techniques for Direct and Large—Eddy Simulations. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2009)
Tabatabaian, M.: CFD Module: Turbulent Flow Modeling. Mercury Learning & Information, Herndon (2015)
Van Wachem, B., Schouten, J., Krishna, R., Van den Bleek, C.: Validation of the Eulerian simulated dynamic behaviour of gas–solid fluidised beds. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54(13–14), 2141 (1999)
Prasad, S., Gautam, A.: Role of momentum exchange coefficient in circulating fluidized-bed. Indian J. Chem. Technol. 14, 258–262 (2007)
Santos, D., Petri, I., Duarte, C., Barrozo, M.: Experimental and CFD study of the hydrodynamic behavior in a rotating drum. Powder Technol. 250, 52 (2013)
Hwang, G., Shen, H.: Modeling the solid phase stress in a fluid-solid mixture. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 15(2), 257 (1989)
Lun, C., Savage, S.B., Jeffrey, D., Chepurniy, N.: Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield. J. Fluid Mech. 140, 223 (1984)
Karunarathne, S.S., Jayarathna, C.K., Tokheim, L.A.: Mixing and segregation in a rotating cylinder: CFD simulation and experimental study. Int. J. Model. Optim. 7(1), 1 (2017)
Zydak, P., Klemens, R.: Modelling of dust lifting process behind propagating shock wave. J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 20(4–6), 417 (2007)
Cammarata, L., Lettieri, P., Micale, G.D., Colman, D.: 2D and 3D CFD simulations of bubbling fluidized beds using Eulerian-Eulerian models. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 1, 1–14 (2003)
Li, Z., Kind, M., Gruenewald, G.: Modeling fluid dynamics and growth kinetics in fluidized bed spray granulation. J. Comput. Multiph. Flows 2(4), 235 (2010)
Esmaili, A., Donohue, T., Wheeler, W., McBride, C., Roberts, A.: In: 11th International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage. Handling and Transportation. ICBMH, Newcastle (2013)
Esmaili, A., Donohue, T., Wheeler, C., McBride, W., Roberts, A.: On the analysis of a coarse particle free falling material stream. Int. J. Miner. Process. 142, 82 (2015)
García, M., Sommerer, Y., Schönfeld, T., Poinsot, T.: In: ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Combustion, vol. 30. Citeseer (2005)
Capecelatro, J., Desjardins, O.: An Euler–Lagrange strategy for simulating particle-laden flows. J. Comput. Phys. 238, 1 (2013)
Chiesa, M., Mathiesen, V., Melheim, J.A., Halvorsen, B.: Numerical simulation of particulate flow by the Eulerian–Lagrangian and the Eulerian–Eulerian approach with application to a fluidized bed. Comput. Chem. Eng. 29(2), 291 (2005)
Kosinski, P., Hoffmann, A.C., Klemens, R.: Dust lifting behind shock waves: comparison of two modelling techniques. Chem. Eng. Sci. 60(19), 5219 (2005)
Kosinski, P., Hoffmann, A.C.: An Eulerian–Lagrangian model for dense particle clouds. Comput. Fluids 36(4), 714 (2007)
Murillo, C., Dufaud, O., Bardin-Monnier, N., López, O., Munoz, F., Perrin, L.: Dust explosions: CFD modeling as a tool to characterize the relevant parameters of the dust dispersion. Chem. Eng. Sci. 104, 103 (2013)
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z., Yuan, G.: Powder abrasion material in simulated space state. Mater. Sci. Eng. Powder Metall. 10(5), 50–54 (2005)
Salman, A., Hounslow, M., Verba, A.: Particle fragmentation in dilute phase pneumatic conveying. Powder Technol. 126(2), 109 (2002)
Rhodes, M., Wang, X., Nguyen, M., Stewart, P., Liffman, K.: Use of discrete element method simulation in studying fluidization characteristics: influence of interparticle force. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56(1), 69 (2001)
Cleary, P.W.: Industrial particle flow modelling using discrete element method. Eng. Comput. 26(6), 698 (2009)
Kwapinska, M., Saage, G., Tsotsas, E.: Mixing of particles in rotary drums: a comparison of discrete element simulations with experimental results and penetration models for thermal processes. Powder Technol. 161(1), 69 (2006)
Alchikh-Sulaiman, B., Alian, M., Ein-Mozaffari, F., Lohi, A., Upreti, S.R.: Using the discrete element method to assess the mixing of polydisperse solid particles in a rotary drum. Particuology 25, 133 (2016)
Mishra, B., Thornton, C., Bhimji, D.: A preliminary numerical investigation of agglomeration in a rotary drum. Miner. Eng. 15(1–2), 27 (2002)
Yang, M., Li, S., Yao, Q.: Mechanistic studies of initial deposition of fine adhesive particles on a fiber using discrete-element methods. Powder Technol. 248, 44 (2013)
Hiller, R., Löffler, F.: Influence of particle impact and adhesion on the collection efficiency of fibre filters. German Chem. Eng. 3, 327 (1980)
Lucci, F., Ferrante, A., Elghobashi, S.: Is Stokes number an appropriate indicator for turbulence modulation by particles of Taylor-length-scale size? Phys. Fluids 23(2), 025101 (2011)
Antonyuk, S., Khanal, M., Tomas, J., Heinrich, S., Mörl, L.: Impact breakage of spherical granules: experimental study and DEM simulation. Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intens. 45(10), 838 (2006)
Tong, Z., Yang, R., Yu, A., Adi, S., Chan, H.: Numerical modelling of the breakage of loose agglomerates of fine particles. Powder Technol. 196(2), 213 (2009)
Thornton, C., Yin, K., Adams, M.: Numerical simulation of the impact fracture and fragmentation of agglomerates. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29(2), 424 (1996)
Moreno, R., Ghadiri, M., Antony, S.: Effect of the impact angle on the breakage of agglomerates: a numerical study using DEM. Powder Technol. 130(1–3), 132 (2003)
Liu, L., Kafui, K., Thornton, C.: Impact breakage of spherical, cuboidal and cylindrical agglomerates. Powder Technol. 199(2), 189 (2010)
Golchert, D., Moreno, R., Ghadiri, M., Litster, J.: Effect of granule morphology on breakage behaviour during compression. Powder Technol. 143, 84 (2004)
Chew, N.Y., Chan, H.K.: Influence of particle size, air flow, and inhaler device on the dispersion of mannitol powders as aerosols. Pharm. Res. 16(7), 1098 (1999)
Kawaguchi, T., Tanaka, T., Tsuji, Y.: Numerical simulation of two-dimensional fluidized beds using the discrete element method (comparison between the two-and three-dimensional models). Powder Technol. 96(2), 129 (1998)
Kloss, C., Goniva, C., Hager, A., Amberger, S., Pirker, S.: Models, algorithms and validation for opensource DEM and CFD-DEM. Prog. Comput. Fluid Dyn. Int. J. 12(2–3), 140 (2012)
Chu, K., Wang, B., Xu, D., Chen, Y., Yu, A.: CFD-DEM simulation of the gas-solid flow in a cyclone separator. Chem. Eng. Sci. 66(5), 834 (2011)
Zhong, W., Yu, A., Liu, X., Tong, Z., Zhang, H.: DEM/CFD–DEM modelling of non-spherical particulate systems: theoretical developments and applications. Powder Technol. 302, 108 (2016)
Derakhshani, S.M., Schott, D.L., Lodewijks, G.: In: 11th International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage, Handling and Transportation, ICBMH 2013 (2013)
LaMarche, C.Q., Liu, P., Kellogg, K.M., Weimer, A.W., Hrenya, C.M.: A system-size independent validation of CFD–DEM for noncohesive particles. AIChE J. 61(12), 4051 (2015)
Bagherzadeh, M.: Modelling single particle settlement by CFD-DEM coupling method. Thesis. Department of Transport and Planning, TU Delft University (2014)
Tong, Z., Zheng, B., Yang, R., Yu, A., Chan, H.: CFD–DEM investigation of the dispersion mechanisms in commercial dry powder inhalers. Powder Technol. 240, 19 (2013)
Hilton, J., Cleary, P.: Dust modelling using a combined CFD and discrete element formulation. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 72(5), 528 (2013)
Brosh, T., Kalman, H., Levy, A.: Accelerating CFD–DEM simulation of processes with wide particle size distributions. Particuology 12, 113 (2014)
Yang, Y., Cheng, Y.: A fractal model of contact force distribution and the unified coordination distribution for crushable granular materials under confined compression. Powder Technol. 279, 1 (2015)
Shigeto, Y., Sakai, M.: Parallel computing of discrete element method on multi-core processors. Particuology 9(4), 398 (2011)
Pinar, Z., Dutta, A., Bény, G., Öziş, T.: Analytical solution of population balance equation involving aggregation and breakage in terms of auxiliary equation method. Pramana 84(1), 9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-014-0838-y
Vanni, M.: Approximate population balance equations for aggregation-breakage processes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 221(2), 143 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1999.6571
Diemer, R.B., Olson, J.H.: A moment methodology for coagulation and breakage problems: Part 1-analytical solution of the steady-state population balance. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57(12), 2193 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(02)00111-2
Ding, A., Hounslow, M., Biggs, C.: Population balance modelling of activated sludge flocculation: investigating the size dependence of aggregation, breakage and collision efficiency. Chem. Eng. Sci. 61(1), 63 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.02.074
Kumar, J., Peglow, M., Warnecke, G., Heinrich, S.: An efficient numerical technique for solving population balance equation involving aggregation, breakage, growth and nucleation. Powder Technol. 182(1), 81 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2007.05.028
Patruno, L., Dorao, C., Svendsen, H., Jakobsen, H.: Analysis of breakage kernels for population balance modelling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64(3), 501 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.09.029
Nuyttens, D., Devarrewaere, W., Verboven, P., Foqué, D.: Pesticide-laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review. Pest Manag. Sci. 69(5), 564 (2013)
Owoyemi, O., Lettieri, P., Place, R.: Experimental validation of eulerian- eulerian simulations of rutile industrial powders. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44(26), 9996 (2005)
Patankar, N., Joseph, D.: Modeling and numerical simulation of particulate flows by the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 27(10), 1659 (2001)
Di Renzo, A., Di Maio, F.P.: Comparison of contact-force models for the simulation of collisions in DEM-based granular flow codes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59(3), 525 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is part of the Topical Collection: Multiscale analysis of particulate micro- and macro-processes.