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Drivers of N2O Emissions from Natural Forests and Grasslands Differ in Space and Time

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Abstract

Understanding the drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the most critical global environmental challenges to mitigate the increasing global temperature. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are highly variable in space and time and are controlled by multiple proximal drivers, that is, those that affect N2O emissions directly and in short timescales, and distal or indirect drivers that influence emissions over long timescales. Here we present a quantification of N2O emissions in grasslands and forests throughout the Pampas and the Semiarid Chaco in Argentina and reveal distal and proximal drivers, analyzing them in both spatial and temporal models. We measured N2O emissions, soil and climate variables monthly in nine sites over two years. Mean annual temperature and the following soil properties: phosphorous availability, carbon:nitrogen ratio, clay and sand percentages were the main distal drivers controlling N2O emissions in the spatial model, while among proximal drivers, only soil nitrate contents were positively related to N2O emissions. When considering the seasonal variability of N2O emissions (temporal model), we found that emissions were positively related to proximal drivers, such as soil nitrate and soil temperature. Our results show that soil N2O emission drivers differ between spatial and temporal models in natural grasslands and forests, explaining up to 85 and 56% of variations in N2O emissions, respectively. Temperature increased N2O emissions in both spatial and temporal models; therefore, future global warming may increase background emissions from natural ecosystems with important positive feedbacks on the earth system warming.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Veronica Feuring and Alina Crelier from the Laboratorio de Servicios Analíticos Especiales (FAUBA) for analyzing gas samples and the staff of INTA at each location. We thank the farm owners for allowing us to take samples when necessary. Funding Information: This work was supported by Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Pesca de la Nación (MINCyT), Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT by PICT 2827, PICT 1464) and a project from the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN3005, which is supported by the US National Science Foundation (Grant GEO-1128040). PIA was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and JMPG was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of IAI (CRN3005) and ANPCyT (PICT 2827).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta 32 km 4.5, 2700 Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    P. I. Araujo

  2. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    J. M. Piñeiro-Guerra, L. Yahdjian, T. Della Chiesa & G. Piñeiro

  3. Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    L. Yahdjian & G. Piñeiro

  4. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta, INTA, CONICET, Salta, Argentina

    M. M. Acreche & J. Chalco Vera

  5. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi, INTA, Centro Regional Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    C. Alvarez

  6. Cátedra de Fertilidad y Fertilizantes, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    C. R. Alvarez

  7. Instituto de Suelos, CNIA-INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    A. Costantini

  8. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícolas (IMYZA), INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    J. De Tellería & C. Piccinetti

  9. Cátedra de Climatología y Fenología Agrícolas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    T. Della Chiesa

  10. UIB-INTA Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    N. A. Lewczuk

  11. Departamento de Tecnología, Edafología, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    M. Petrasek

  12. Grupo de Gestión Ambiental, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    S. I. Portela

  13. Instituto de Clima y Agua, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    G. Posse

  14. FCA, UNMdP, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    L. Picone, M. Seijo & C. Videla

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  1. P. I. Araujo
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  18. C. Videla
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  19. G. Piñeiro
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Correspondence to P. I. Araujo or J. M. Piñeiro-Guerra.

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Authors’ Contributions

LY, TDC, MA, AC, CP, GPo and GPi conceived the ideas and designed the network; all authors collected the data; JMPG and PIA analyzed data; PIA, JMPG, LY and GPi wrote the paper. All authors improved the final version of the paper and gave final approval for publication. PIA and JMPG equally contributed to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

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Araujo, P.I., Piñeiro-Guerra, J.M., Yahdjian, L. et al. Drivers of N2O Emissions from Natural Forests and Grasslands Differ in Space and Time. Ecosystems 24, 335–350 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00522-7

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