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The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed

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Abstract

Decades of fertilizer and manure applications have led to a buildup of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils and sediments, commonly referred to as legacy P. Legacy P can provide a long-term source of P to surface waters where it causes eutrophication. Using a suite of numerical models, we investigated the influence of legacy P on water quality in the Yahara Watershed of southern Wisconsin, USA. The suite included Agro-IBIS, a terrestrial ecosystem model; THMB, a hydrologic and nutrient routing model; and the Yahara Water Quality Model which estimates water quality indicators in the Yahara chain of lakes. Using five alternative scenarios of antecedent P storage (legacy P) in soils and channels under historical climate conditions, we simulated outcomes of P yield from the landscape, lake P loading, and three lake water quality indicators. Legacy P had a significant effect on lake loads and water quality. Across the five scenarios for Lake Mendota, the largest and most upstream lake, average P yield (kg ha−1) varied by −41 to +22%, P load (kg y−1) by −35 to +14%, summer total P (TP) concentration (mg l−1) by −25 to +12%, Secchi depth (m) by −7 to +3%, and the probability of hypereutrophy by −67 to +34%, relative to baseline conditions. The minimum storage scenario showed that a 35% reduction in present-day loads to Lake Mendota corresponded with a 25% reduction in summer TP and smaller reductions in the downstream lakes. Water quality was more vulnerable to heavy rainfall events at higher amounts of P storage and less so at lower amounts. Increases in heavy precipitation are expected with climate change; therefore, water quality could be protected by decreasing P reserves.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB-1038759.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Melissa Motew, Xi Chen, Pavel Pinkas & Christopher J. Kucharik

  2. Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA

    Xi Chen

  3. Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Eric G. Booth & Christopher J. Kucharik

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Eric G. Booth, Samuel C. Zipper & Steven P. Loheide II

  5. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Stephen R. Carpenter

  6. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada

    Simon D. Donner

  7. Department of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Kai Tsuruta

  8. USDA-ARS Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    Peter A. Vadas

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  1. Melissa Motew
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Correspondence to Melissa Motew.

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Author contributions

XC and MM designed the study. MM, XC, SRC, and PP conducted model simulations. MM analyzed the data. All authors contributed to either new methods, models, or supporting data. MM, XC, EB, SRC, PP, and SZ wrote the first draft, and all authors contributed to the final draft.

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Motew, M., Chen, X., Booth, E.G. et al. The Influence of Legacy P on Lake Water Quality in a Midwestern Agricultural Watershed. Ecosystems 20, 1468–1482 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0125-0

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