Polarization, donor–acceptor interactions, and covalent contributions in weak interactions: a clarification
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
- 393 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Part of the following topical collections:
Abstract
The concepts of polarization (induction), charge transfer and covalent bonding contributions are discussed in terms of weak interactions. They are shown to be different incarnations of the same phenomenon, so that using polarization to describe them is most consistent as it is the only real, measurable and uniquely defined quantity of the three. Dispersion is discussed as a form of polarization within the Feynman description. Model calculations are described.
Graphical abstract
The electron density of a hydride ion (nucleus white) polarized by a single positive point charge (brown)
Keywords
Bonding theory Hydrogen bonds Halogen bonds Polarization Charge transferNotes
Acknowledgements
I thank above all Peter Politzer for discussions, instruction, and endless patience in turning weird ideas into equations named after bars on two continents.
References
- 1.Lewis GN (1916) The atom and the molecule. J Am Chem Soc 38:762–785CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Fukui K (1975) Theory of orientation and stereoselection. Springer, BerlinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Chen J, Martínez T (2007) QTPIE: charge transfer with polarization current equalization. A fluctuating charge model with correct asymptotics. Chem Phys Lett 438:315–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Jansen HB, Ros P (1969) Non-empirical molecular orbital calculations on the protonation of carbon monoxide. Chem Phys Lett 3:140–143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Liu B, McLean AD (1973) Accurate calculation of the attractive interaction of two ground state helium atoms. J Chem Phys 59:4557–4558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Weinhold F, Landis CR (2005) Valency and bonding: a natural bond orbital donor-acceptor perspective. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Clark T, Hennemann M, Murray JS, Politzer P (2007) Halogen bonding: the σ-hole. J Mol Model 13:291–296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Clark T (2013) σ-Holes. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 3:13–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Scheiner S (1997) Hydrogen bonding. Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- 10.Jeffrey GA (1997) An introduction to hydrogen bonding. Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- 11.Clark T (2017) Halogen bonds and σ-holes. “Halogen bonding in Supramolecular and solid state chemistry”. Faraday Discuss. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FD00058H
- 12.Extance A (2017) Do hydrogen bonds have covalent character? Chem World 14:39Google Scholar
- 13.Lennard-Jones J (1929) The electronic structure of some diatomic molecules. Trans Faraday Soc 25:668–686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Kutzelnigg W (1996) Friedrich Hund and chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed 35:572–586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Coulson CA (1939) The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. VII. Bonds of fractional order by the molecular orbital method. Proc R Soc A169:413–428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Mulliken RS (1955) Electronic population analysis on LCAOMO molecular wave functions. I. J Chem Phys 23:1833–1840CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Glendening ED, Landis CR, Weinhold F (2012) Natural bond orbital methods. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2:1–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Khaliullin RZ, Bell AT, Head-Gordon M (2008) Analysis of charge transfer effects in molecular complexes based on absolutely localized molecular orbitals. J Chem Phys 128:184112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Azar RJ, Head-Gordon M (2012) An energy decomposition analysis for intermolecular interactions from an absolutely localized molecular orbital reference at the coupled cluster singles and doubles level. J Chem Phys 136:024103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Hirshfeld FL (1977) Bonded-atom fragments for describing molecular charge densities. Theor Chim Acta 44:129–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Bader RF (1994) Atoms in molecules: a quantum theory (international series of monographs on chemistry 22). Clarendon, OxfordGoogle Scholar
- 22.Alcoba DR, Lain L, Torre A, Bochicchio RC (2005). Chem Phys Lett 407:379–383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Timerghazin QK, Peslherbe GH (2007) Non-nuclear attractor of electron density as a manifestation of the solvated electron. J Chem Phys 127:064108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Bader RWF, Slee TS, Cremer D, Kraka E (1983) Description of conjugation and hyperconjugation in terms of electron distributions. J Am Chem Soc 105:5061–5068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Vries RY, Briels W, Feil D (1996) Critical analysis of non-nuclear electron-density maxima and the maximum entropy method. Phys Rev Lett 77:1719–1722CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.Bader RFW, Matta CF (2004) Atomic charges are measurable quantum expectation values: a rebuttal of criticisms of QTAIM charges. J Phys Chem A 108:8385–8394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.Hellmann H (1933) Zur Rolle der kinetischen Elektronenenergie für die zwischenatomaren Kräfte. Z Phys 35:180–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Feynman RP (1939) Forces in molecules. Phys Rev 56:340–343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.Stone AJ, Misquitta AJ (2009) Charge-transfer in symmetry-adapted perturbation theory. Chem Phys Lett 473:201–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Scuseria GE, Janssen CL, Schaefer III HF (1988) An efficient reformulation of the closed-shell coupled cluster single and double excitation (CCSD) equations. J Chem Phys 89:7382–7387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.Wilson AK, van Mourik T, Dunning Jr TH (1996) Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. VI. Sextuple zeta correlation consistent basis sets for boron through neon. J Mol Struct (THEOCHEM) 388:339–349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.Peterson KA, Woon DE, Dunning Jr TH (1994) Benchmark calculations with correlated molecular wave functions. IV. The classical barrier height of the H+H2 → H2+H reaction. J Chem Phys 100:7410–7415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Woon DE, Dunning Jr TH (1993) Gaussian-basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. 3. The atoms aluminum through argon. J Chem Phys 98:1358–1371CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Dunning Jr TH (1989) Gaussian basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. I. The atoms boron through neon and hydrogen. J Chem Phys 90:1007–1023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.Hehre WJ, Stewart RF, Pople JA (1969) Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. 1. Use of Gaussian expansions of Slater-type atomic orbitals. J Chem Phys 51:2657–2664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Jordan KD, Wang F (2003) Theory of dipole-bound anions. Annu Rev Phys Chem 54:367–396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Clark T, Politzer P, Murray JS (2015) Correct electrostatic treatment of non-covalent interactions: the importance of polarisation. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015:169–177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Politzer P, Murray JS, Clark T (2015) σ-Hole bonding: a physical interpretation. Top Curr Chem 358:19–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Politzer P, Murray JS, Clark T (2015) Mathematical modeling and physical reality in noncovalent interactions. J Mol Model 21:52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Pauli W (1980) General principles of quantum mechanics. Springer, Berlin, pp 103–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Oliveira de Sousa DW, Chaer Nascimento MA (2017) Are one-electron bonds any different from standard two-electron covalent bonds? Acc Chem Res 50:2264–2272. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00260
- 42.Mulliken RS (1932) Electronic structures of polyatomic molecules and valence. II. General considerations. Phys Rev 41:49–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Hoffmann R (1982) Building bridges between inorganic and organic chemistry (Nobel lecture). Angew Chem Int Ed 21:711–724CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Haselbach E, Klemm U, Gschwind R, Bally T, Chassot L, Nitsche S (1982) ‘Non-Koopmans’ states in Stilbene Cations and a remarkable example to the “SDT-equation”: Indeno [2,1-a]indene. Helv Chim Acta 65:2464–2471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Reed AE, Weinhold F, Curtiss LA, Pochatko DJ (1986) Natural bond orbital analysis of molecular interactions: theoretical studies of binary complexes of HF, H2O, NH3, N2, O2, F2, CO and CO2 with HF, H2O and NH3. J Chem Phys 84:5687–5705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Stone A (2017) Natural bond orbitals and the nature of the hydrogen bond. J Phys Chem A 121:1531–1534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Bauzá A, Frontera A (2016) RCH3⋯O interactions in biological systems: are they trifurcated H-bonds or noncovalent carbon bonds? Crystals 6:26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.El Kerdawy A, Murray JS, Politzer P, Bleiziffer P, Heßelmann A, Görling A, Clark T (2013) Directional non-covalent interactions: repulsion and dispersion. J Chem Theory Comput 9:2264–2275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Eisenschitz R, London F (1930) Über das Verhältnis der van der Waalsschen Kräfte zu den homöopolaren Bindungskräften. Z Phys 60:491–527CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.Hunt KLC (1989) Dispersion dipoles and dispersion forces: proof of Feynman’s “conjecture” and generalization to interacting molecules of arbitrary symmetry. J Chem Phys 92:1180–1187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 51.Odbadrakh TT, Jordan KD (2016) Dispersion dipoles for coupled Drude oscillators. J Chem Phys 144:034111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.Stone AJ (1993) Computation of charge-transfer energies by perturbation theory. Chem Phys Lett 211:101–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Glendening ED, Landis CR, Weinhold F (2012) Natural bond orbital methods. WIREs Comp Mol Sci 2:1–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 54.Misquitta AJ (2013) Charge transfer from regularized symmetry adapted perturbation theory. J Chem Theory Comput 9:5313–5326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.Gupta K, Ghanty TK, Ghosh SK (2012) Polarizability, ionization potential, and softness of water and methanol clusters: an interrelation. J Phys Chem A 116:6831–6836CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.Chandrakumar KRS, Ghanty TK, Ghosh SK (2004) Relationship between ionization potential, polarizability, and softness: a case study of lithium and sodium metal clusters. J Phys Chem A 108:6661–6666CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations, Accessed 8 August 2017
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
