Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Antifungal activity and Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde

  • Review
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated the anti-Candida activity and the Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner (Softone™) modified by incorporation of terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde.

Material and methods

Agar diffusion, microdilution, and mechanism of action methods were performed to determine to evaluate the antifungal activity of phytoconstituents. Then, phytoconstituents in varying concentrations were incorporated into the tissue conditioner. The anti-Candida effect of the modified conditioner was evaluated through agar punch well and biofilm formation methods. Shore A hardness of the experimental liners was evaluated after baseline, 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 7 days immersion on artificial saliva.

Results

The phytoconstituents incorporated into Softone showed completely inhibited fungal growth in concentrations of 20–40% and did not present significant antifungal activity until their concentrations where higher than 5%. There were differences between non-modified Softone and M5, M10, C10, and T10% (p < 0.05). The groups containing 10–40% of cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone were able to completely inhibit the biofilm. Concentrations below 40% of terpinen-4-ol showed unsatisfactory biofilm inhibition. The T40% and C40% groups presented the lowest Shore A hardness values. Hardness values from groups T40% at 7 days (p = 0.476); C40% at 4 days (p = 0.058); and T20% (p = 0.058), C20% (p = 0.205), T30% (p = 0.154), and C30% (p = 0.874) after 48 h did not differ from the control group.

Conclusions

Cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone inhibited Candida biofilm formation at concentrations of 10–40%, being more effective than terpinen-4-ol modification despite of halo inhibition observed by both products.

Clinical relevance

All modifications showed a very similar pattern of hardness being useful for clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Williams D, Lewis M (2011) Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. J Oral Microbiol 3(1):5771

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wilson J (1998) The aetiology, diagnosis and management of denture stomatitis. Br Dent J 185(8):380–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Faddoul FF, Hoyer LL, Douglas LJ, Ghannoum MA (2001) Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J Dent Res 80(3):903–908

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Redding S, Bhatt B, Rawls HR, Siegel G, Scott K, Lopez-Ribot J (2009) Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation on denture material. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 107(5):669–672

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pereira CA, Toledo BC, Santos CT, Pereira Costa ACB, Back-Brito GN, Kaminagakura E, Jorge AOC (2013) Opportunistic microorganisms in individuals with lesions of denture stomatitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 76(4):419–424

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ramage G, Vandewalle K, Wickes BL, López-Ribot JL (2001) Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Rev Iberoam Micol 18(4):163–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Radnai M, Whiley R, Friel T, Wright PS (2010) Effect of antifungal gels incorporated into a tissue conditioning material on the growth of Candida albicans. Gerodontology 27(4):292–296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Uludamar A, Gökhan Özyeşil A, Ozkan YK (2011) Clinical and microbiological efficacy of three different treatment methods in the management of denture stomatitis. Gerodontology 28(2):104–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Parker S, Braden M (1990) Formulation of tissue conditioners. Biomaterials. 11(8):579–584

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brown D (1988) Resilient soft liners and tissue conditioners. Br Dent J 164(11):357–360

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Malmström HS, Mehta N, Sanchez R, Moss ME (2002) The effect of two different coatings on the surface integrity and softness of a tissue conditioner. J Prosthet Dent 87(2):153–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Catalán A, Pacheco JG, Martínez A, Mondaca MA (2008) In vitro and in vivo activity of Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioner on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol 105(3):327–332

    Google Scholar 

  13. Falah-Tafti A, Jafari A, Lotfi-Kamran M, Fallahzadeh H, Hayan R (2010) A comparison of the efficacy of nystatin and fluconazole incorporated into tissue conditioner on the in vitro attachment and colonization of Candida albicans. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 7(1):18–22

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sharma S, Hegde V (2014) Comparative evaluation of antifungal activity of Melaleuca oil and fluconazole when incorporated in tissue conditioner: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont 23(5):367–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bueno M, Urban V, Barbério G, da Silva WJ, Porto VC, Pinto LR, Neppelenbroek KH (2015) Effect of antimicrobial agents incorporated into resilient denture relines on the Candida albicans biofilm. Oral Dis 21(1):57–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Khan N, Shreaz S, Bhatia R, Ahmad SI, Muralidhar S, Manzoor N, Khan LA (2012) Anticandidal activity of curcumin and methyl cinnamaldehyde. Fitoterapia 83(3):434–440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Leite MCA, Bezerra AP de B, Sousa JP, Guerra FQS, Lima EO (2014) Evaluation of antifungal activity and mechanism of action of citral against Candida albicans. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 1:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV (2003) Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J Appl Microbiol 95(4):853–860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shreaz S, Bhatia R, Khan N, Muralidhar S, Basir SF, Manzoor N, Khan LA (2011) Spice oil cinnamaldehyde exhibits potent anticandidal activity against fluconazole resistant clinical isolates. Fitoterapia. 82(7):1012–1020

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Taguchi Y, Hasumi Y, Hayama K, Arai R, Nishiyama Y, Abe S (2012) Effect of cinnamaldehyde on hyphal growth of C.albicans under various treatment conditions. Med Mycol J 53(3):199–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ninomiya K, Maruyama N, Inoue S, Ishibashi H, Takizawa T, Oshima H, Abe S (2012) The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol protect mice from experimental oral candidiasis. Biol Pharm Bull 35(6):861–865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Taguchi Y, Hasumi Y, Abe S, Nishiyama Y (2013) The effect of cinnamaldehyde on the growth and the morphology of Candida albicans. Med Mol Morphol 46(1):8–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. CLSI (2002) Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts, 2nd edn. NCCLS, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  24. CLSI (2009) Reference method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts, 2nd edn, Wayne

  25. Pachava KR, Nadendla L hmi K, Alluri LSC, Tahseen H, Sajja NP (2015) In vitro antifungal evaluation of denture soft liner incorporated with tea tree oil: a new therapeutic approach towards denture stomatitis. J Clin Diagn Res 9(6):ZC62–ZC64

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Deswal DP, Chand U (1997) Standardization of the tetrazolium test for viability estimation in ricebean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & ohashi) seeds. Seed Sci Technol 25(3):409–417

    Google Scholar 

  27. Aligiannis N, Kalpoutzakis E, Mitaku S, Chinou IB (2001) Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species. J Agric Food Chem 49(9):4168–4170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ferreira GLS, Rosalen PL, Peixoto LR, Pérez ALA de L et al (2017) Antibiofilm activity and mechanism of action of the disinfectant chloramine T on Candida spp., and its toxicity against human cells. Molecules 22(9):1527

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Escalante A, Gattuso M, Pérez P, Zacchino S (2008) Evidence for the mechanism of action of the antifungal phytolaccoside B isolated from Phytolacca tetramera Hauman. J Nat Prod 71(10):1720–1725

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. da Silva WJ, Seneviratne J, Parahitiyawa N, Rosa EAR, Samaranayake LP, Cury AADB (2008) Improvement of XTT assay performance for studies involving Candida albicans biofilms. Braz Dent J 19(4):364–369

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bertolini MM, Portela MB, Curvelo JAR, Soares RMA, Lourenço EJV, Telles DM (2014) Resins-based denture soft lining materials modified by chlorhexidine salt incorporation: an in vitro analysis of antifungal activity, drug release and hardness. Dent Mater 30(8):793–798

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. 10139-2 I (2009) Dentristy-soft lining materials for removable dentures

  33. Elsemann R, Cosme D, Souto A (2008) Degradation of tissue conditioners in complete dentures: an in situ study. Int J Prosthodont 21(6):486–488

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Siddiqui ZN, Farooq F, Musthafa TNM, Ahmad A, Khan AU (2013) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel halopyrazole derivatives. J Saudi Chem Soc 17(2):237–243

    Google Scholar 

  35. Soliman S, Alnajdy D, El-Keblawy A, Mosa K, Khoder G, Noreddin A (2017) Plants’ natural products as alternative promising anti-Candida drugs. Pharmacogn Rev 11(22):104–122

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Zida A, Bamba S, Yacouba A, Ouedraogo-Traore R, Guiguemdé RT (2017) Anti-Candida albicans natural products, sources of new antifungal drugs: a review. J Mycol Med 27(1):1–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Mothana RAA, Abdo SAA, Hasson S, Althawab FMN, Alaghbari SAZ, Lindequist U (2010) Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 7(3):323–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Abidi SH, Ahmed K, Sherwani SK, Kazmi SU (2015) Synergy between antibiotics and natural agents results in increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Infect Dev Ctries 9(9):925–929

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pérez P, Ribas JC (2004) Cell wall analysis. Methods 33(3):245–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Iqbal Z, Zafar MS (2016) Role of antifungal medicaments added to tissue conditioners: a systematic review. J Prosthodont Res 60(4):231–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Urban VM, Lima TF, Bueno MG, Giannini M, Arioli Filho JN, de Almeida ALPF, Neppelenbroek KH (2015) Effect of the addition of antimicrobial agents on Shore A hardness and roughness of soft lining materials. J Prosthodont 24(3):207–214

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vankadara S, Hallikerimath RB, Patil V, Bhat K, Doddamani MH (2017) Effect of Melaleuca alternifolia mixed with tissue conditioners in varying doses on colonization and inhibition of Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 8(3):446–450

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Srivatstava A, Ginjupalli K, Perampalli NU, Bhat N, Ballal M (2013) Evaluation of the properties of a tissue conditioner containing origanum oil as an antifungal additive. J Prosthet Dent 110(4):313–319

    Google Scholar 

  44. Geerts GAVM, Stuhlinger ME, Basson NJ (2008) Effect of an antifungal denture liner on the saliva yeast count in patients with denture stomatitis: a pilot study. J Oral Rehabil 35(9):664–669

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lamfon H, Porter SR, McCullough M, Pratten J (2004) Susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms grown in a constant depth film fermentor to chlorhexidine, fluconazole and miconazole: a longitudinal study. J Antimicrob Chemother 53(2):383–385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Craig R (1997) Prosthetic applications of polymers. Restor Dent Mater 9(1):502–550

    Google Scholar 

  47. Pavan S, Arioli Filho JN, Dos Santos PH, Nogueira SS, Batista AUD (2007) Effect of disinfection treatments on the hardness of soft denture liner materials. J Prosthodont 16(2):101–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hong G, Li Y, Maeda T, Mizumachi W, Sadamori S, Hamada T, Murata H (2008) Influence of storage methods on the surface roughness of tissue conditioners. Dent Mater J 27(2):153–158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. García-Salinas S, Elizondo-Castillo H, Arruebo M, Mendoza G, Irusta S (2018) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of different components of natural origin present in essential oils. Molecules 23(6):2–18

    Google Scholar 

  50. Maquera-Huacho PM, Tonon CC, Correia MF, Francisconi RS, Bordini EAF, Marcantonio É, Spolidorio DMP (2018) In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol. Biofouling 34(6):1–11

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

All the investment to carry out the research was being of all the responsibilities of the researchers.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Castelo Branco, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil

    Laura de Fátima Souto Maior, Panmella Pereira Maciel, Victor Yuri Nicolau Ferreira, Cíntia de Lima Gouveia Dantas, Jeferson Muniz de Lima, Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano, André Ulisses Dantas Batista & Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan

  2. Dentistry Post-Graduation Program, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I / Cidade Universitaria, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil

    Laura de Fátima Souto Maior, Panmella Pereira Maciel, Victor Yuri Nicolau Ferreira, Cíntia de Lima Gouveia Dantas & Jeferson Muniz de Lima

  3. Dental Graduation Program and Health Technical School, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil

    Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano

  4. Dental Graduation Program and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil

    André Ulisses Dantas Batista

  5. Dental Graduation Program and Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil

    Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan

Authors
  1. Laura de Fátima Souto Maior
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Panmella Pereira Maciel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Victor Yuri Nicolau Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cíntia de Lima Gouveia Dantas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jeferson Muniz de Lima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lúcio Roberto Cançado Castellano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. André Ulisses Dantas Batista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura de Fátima Souto Maior.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

For this type of study, formal consent is not required. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

de Fátima Souto Maior, L., Maciel, P.P., Ferreira, V.Y.N. et al. Antifungal activity and Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. Clin Oral Invest 23, 2837–2848 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-02925-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-02925-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation