Abstract
Liriodenine, an oxoaporphine alkaloid with anticancer activity isolated from Zanthoxylum nitidum (rutaceous anticancer traditional Chinese medicine), was selected as a bioactive ligand to react with HAuCl4 and NaAuCl4 to afford [LH][AuCl4] (1) and [AuCl3L] (2), respectively (where L is liriodenine). The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 revealed that it is an ionic compound consisting of protonated liriodenine cation [LH]+ and [AuCl4]− anion. The spectroscopic analysis showed that 2 is a coordination compound, in which one liriodenine coordinates to gold via its 7-N donor. In aqueous solution, 1 is relatively stable, but 2 undergoes rapid hydrolysis. The in vitro cytotoxicity towards five human tumor cell lines shows that 1 and 2 manifest roughly similar biological behavior and appreciable antiproliferative properties, with IC50 values falling in the 2–16 μM range. The flow-cytometric analysis of 1 and 2 suggests that both compounds induced an S-phase arrest. Compounds 1 and 2 significantly poison topoisomerase I in vitro at low concentration (25 μM or less). DNA binding studies indicate that both 1 and 2 interact with DNA mainly via intercalation between the neighboring base pairs of the DNA double helix. Electrostatic interactions of 1 and 2 with the polyanionic DNA phosphate backbone may reinforce the intercalation because both 1 and 2 are composed of planar cationic species.
Graphical abstract
Two liriodenine (L) gold(III) compounds [LH][AuCl4] (1) and [AuCl3L] (2) were synthesized. The in vitro cytotoxicity towards five human tumor cell lines was tested and shows that 1 and 2 manifest appreciable antiproliferative properties, with IC50 values falling in the 2–16 μM range. Both 1 and 2 interact with DNA mainly via an intercalation mode, but electrostatic binding may exist. They both inhibit topoisomerase I activity at low concentration (25 μM or less).
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Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (nos. 2009CB526503 and 2010CB534911), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 20861002), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (nos. 0991012Z, 0991003, and 2010GXNSFF013001). We also thank Yong Zhang for the crystal structure, Zijian Guo for valuable discussions, Jia-Xin Dong from Guangxi Normal University for potentiometric titration, and Pete Frischmann from the University of British Columbia for English revision.
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Chen, ZF., Liu, YC., Peng, Y. et al. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antitumor properties of gold(III) compounds with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active ingredient liriodenine. J Biol Inorg Chem 17, 247–261 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-011-0846-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-011-0846-z