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Medikamentöse Tumortherapie bei Weichteilsarkomen

Neoadjuvant, adjuvant und palliativ sowie GIST

Pharmaceutical tumor therapy of soft tissue sarcomas

Neoadjuvant, adjuvant and palliative as well as GIST

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Der Onkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Weichteilsarkome (WTS) sind komplexe Tumoren, die am besten von multidisziplinären, erfahrenen Teams diagnostiziert und behandelt werden. Eine Zentralisierung oder bessere Vernetzung der Zentren erscheint eine wirksame Weichenstellung zur Verbesserung der Versorgung in Deutschland, da so kontrollierte Studien beim lokal fortgeschrittenen Sarkom in Gang kommen.

Methoden

Diese Arbeit basiert auf einer selektiven Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank PubMed mit den Suchwörtern „soft tissue sarcoma, GIST, locally advanced, metastatic, chemotherapy, targeted therapy“.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen

Für Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Hochrisiko-WTS im UICC-Stadium III (d. h. Größe > 5 cm, tiefe Lokalisation, Grading > II nach FNCLCC) können präoperative/neoadjuvante Therapieverfahren erwogen werden. Dies gilt also für alle High-Grade-Sarkome, bei denen nicht zuverlässig ein ausreichender Sicherheitsabstand (> 5–10 mm, Faszie) erreicht werden kann. Ein geringerer Abstand gilt nach neueren Daten als negativer prädiktiver Faktor für das Erleiden von Lokalrezidiven. Zu den präoperativen/neoadjuvanten Therapieverfahren zählen neben einer alleinigen Strahlentherapie v. a. multimodale Therapieansätze wie die kombinierte Chemostrahlentherapie, ggf. auch der Einsatz der isolierten Extremitätenperfusion mit TNF-α. Idealerweise sollte diese Therapie unter kontrollierten Bedingungen erfolgen. Die Entscheidung hinsichtlich der im Einzelfall geeigneten Therapie lokal fortgeschrittener und grenzwertig resektabler Sarkome sollte auf jeden Fall interdisziplinär mit oder in einem Sarkomzentrum abgestimmt werden. Im neoadjuvanten Therapiekonzept ist eine hohe Dosisintensität erforderlich und hier eher erreichbar als postoperativ. Die adjuvante Chemotherapie nach Resektion eines Sarkoms ist mit einer Verbesserung des Überlebens verbunden. Diese Therapie ist jedoch toxisch. Daher sollte sie auf Hochrisikopatienten nach detaillierter Aufklärung über die Risiken und unter Beachtung von Allgemeinzustand, Alter, Lokalisation, histologischem Subtyp, Organfunktion, Komorbidität und Erfahrung der Institution begrenzt werden. In der palliativen Erkrankungsphase ist – bis auf definitive Ausnahmen – ein sequenzielles Vorgehen mit Adriamycin (ADM) als Monotherapie Standard. Nachfolgende Linien werden nach histologischen Subtyp, Allgemeinzustand und Organfunktion individuell adaptiert. Hochrisiko-GIST werden 3 Jahre mit Imatinib behandelt. In der metastasierten Situation stehen drei Therapielinien zur Verfügung, mit denen ein Fünftel der Patienten ein Zehnjahreslangzeitüberleben erreicht.

Abstract

Background

Soft tissue sarcomas are heterogeneous complex malignancies with a variable clinical course best managed by multidisciplinary and experienced teams. A centralization or, even better, networking of centers seems to be an effective future direction for improvement of treatment in Germany because this enables controlled studies for locally advanced sarcomas to be carried out.

Methods

A selective Medline search was carried out based on the following terms: soft tissue sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), locally advanced, metastatic, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

Results and conclusions

Patients with locally advanced adult type high-risk soft tissue sarcomas of Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) stage III, i.e. tumor size > 5 cm, deep location and grade ≥ II according to the French Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) system, should be allocated to preoperative neoadjuvant treatment modalities, particularly in the context of a foreseeable incomplete resection without achievement of sufficient margins, which is a well-known negative predictor of local disease-free survival. This is true for all high-grade sarcomas for which achievement of a sufficient safety margin (> 5–10 mm, fascia) is unreliable. In addition to radiation therapy alone, established preoperative neoadjuvant treatment approaches are mainly multimodal approaches, such as combined chemoradiation and isolated limb perfusion (ILP) of extremity sarcomas with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). All approaches should be performed under controlled conditions including quality assurance, preferably in centers with vast experience in the treatment of sarcomas. In the neoadjuvant treatment setting a high dose intensity is necessary for a maximum induction of tumor necrosis. Postoperative treatment, especially the success of postoperative chemotherapy, is hampered by a low dose intensity, dose interruption and early termination of treatment due to toxicity associated with doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and ifosfamide. However, according to several meta-analyses adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with an improvement in survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be restricted to patients with high-risk features after detailed clarification of the treatment-related risk and strict scrutinizing of performance status, age, histological subtype, location, organ function, comorbidities and institutional experience. For the majority of patients treatment is palliative and not curative. Surgical resection of metastatic disease can provide long-term relapse-free survival and perhaps cure in selected patients, the majority of whom have isolated pulmonary metastatic disease. Meaningful symptom palliation and even prolongation of survival can be achieved with systemic therapy. High risk GIST patients qualify for 3 years of adjuvant imatinib. In the metastatic disease setting three tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy approaches are available which ensure effective inhibition of tumor growth yielding long-term survival in a substantial number of patients.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J.T Hartmann gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Der Beitrag enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Hartmann, J. Medikamentöse Tumortherapie bei Weichteilsarkomen. Onkologe 20, 1121–1128 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-014-2714-2

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