Amino Acids

, Volume 46, Issue 5, pp 1225–1233 | Cite as

Arginine supplementation and exposure time affects polyamine and glucose metabolism in primary liver cells isolated from Atlantic salmon

  • Synne Marte Andersen
  • Richard Taylor
  • Elisabeth Holen
  • Anders Aksnes
  • Marit Espe
Original Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Arginine has been demonstrated to enhance glucose and lipid oxidation in mammals through activation of polyamine turnover. We aimed to investigate how arginine affects energy utilization through polyamine metabolism and whether this effect is time dependent. Primary liver cells were isolated from Atlantic salmon (2.2 kg body weight) fed diets containing 25.5 (low arginine, LA) or 36.1 (high arginine, HA) g arginine/kg dry matter for 12 weeks, to investigate the effect of long-term arginine supplementation. The cells were cultured for 24 h in L-15 medium to which either alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or N 1,N 11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) was added. Analysis of the medium by nuclear magnetic resonance revealed significant differences between the two dietary groups as well as between cells exposed to DFMO and DENSPM, with decreased glucose, fumarate and lactate concentrations in media of the HA cells. Liver cells from fish fed the HA diet had higher spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase protein abundance and lower adenosine triphosphate concentration as compared to the LA-fed fish, while gene expression was not affected by either diet or treatment. Primary liver cells isolated from salmon fed a commercial diet and cultured in L-15 media with or without arginine supplementation (1.82 or 3.63 mM) for 48 h, representing short-term effect of arginine supplementation, showed differential expression of genes for apoptosis and polyamine synthesis due to arginine supplementation or inhibition by DFMO. Overall, arginine concentration and exposure time affected energy metabolism and gene regulation more than inhibition or activation of key enzymes of polyamine metabolism, suggesting a polyamine-independent influence of arginine on cellular energy metabolism and survival.

Keywords

Arginine Polyamine turnover Atlantic salmon DFMO DENSPM Glucose 

Abbreviations

DFMO

Alpha-difluoromethylornithine

DENSPM

N 1,N 11-Diethylnorspermine

ODC

Ornithine decarboxylase

SSAT

Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase

SAMdc

S-Adenosyl methionine decarboxylase

NO

Nitric oxide

CPT-1

Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1

AMPK

5′-Activated protein kinase

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance

WB

Western blot

qPCR

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

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Notes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported through the project “Integrated amino acid requirement” financed by the Research Council of Norway (Project No. 208352/E-40) and EWOS Innovation AS.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no interest of conflict and all authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Wien 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Synne Marte Andersen
    • 1
  • Richard Taylor
    • 2
  • Elisabeth Holen
    • 1
  • Anders Aksnes
    • 2
  • Marit Espe
    • 1
  1. 1.National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)BergenNorway
  2. 2.Ewos Innovation ASDirdalNorway

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