Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical composition of urban aerosols in Toulouse, France during CAPITOUL experiment

  • Published:
Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols were monitored in Toulouse from March 2004 to February 2005 (Extensive Observed Period (EOP)) as part of the research project CAPITOUL (Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interaction in TOulouse Urban Layer). Concentrations of 8 major ions (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl−, NO3 −, SO4 2−), 15 metal elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, Ti, Zn), and carbonaceous aerosols [TC, POM and EC (total carbon, organic carbon and elemental carbon, respectively)] were measured in a total of 52 samples of each size. Inter-seasonal variations were analyzed. Weekly PM2.5 and PM10 total mass concentrations (major ions + carbon + metal elements) were 4.4–18.0 µg m−3 and 6.5–23.5 µg m−3, with an annual average concentration of 11.0 ± 3.6 µg m−3 and 13.2 ± 4.3 µg m−3, respectively. The highest concentration for sulfate was found in summer and fall, whereas the highest NO3 − concentration was observed in winter. This study is strengthened by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney statistical tests.

On average, carbonaceous species constitute between 49% and 75% of the monthly concentration registered, POM concentration always remaining higher (ratio more than 51%) than EC in both size ranges. The average OC/EC ratios were 2.70 ± 0.81 and 2.70 ± 0.60 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Secondary organic carbon concentrations were significantly higher in the warmer seasons reaching in summer average ratios of 65.9% and 64.5% of the total OC concentration for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Secondary organic carbon was produced in the fine fraction of the aerosol.

Metal elements analysis and enrichment factor calculations show that traffic emissions were the major influence on the chemical composition of the urban aerosol. A receptor modeling study was conducted using Principal Component Factor Analysis followed by multi-linear regression analysis in order to provide quantitative insights into the sources of specific chemical components in PM10.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • A Alastuey A Sánchez de la Campa X Querol J de la Rosa F Plana E Mantilla M Viana CR Ruiz S García Dos Santos (2006) ArticleTitleIdentification and chemical characterisation of industrial PM sources in SW Spain J Air Waste Manage 56 993–1006

    Google Scholar 

  • E Alfaro-Moreno L Martinez C García-Cuellar JC Bonner JC Murray I Rosas S Ponce-de-Leon Rosales J Miranda AR Osornio-Vargas (2002) ArticleTitleBiological eVects induced in vitro by PM10 from three diVerent zones of Mexico City Environ Health Persp 110 715–720

    Google Scholar 

  • IF Al-Momani S Aygun G Tuncel (1998) ArticleTitleWet deposition of major ions and trace elements in the eastern Mediterranean basin J Geophys Res 103 8287–8293 Occurrence Handle10.1029/97JD03130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E Andrews P Saxena S Musarra LM Hildemann P Koutrakis PH McMurry I Olmez WH White (2000) ArticleTitleConcentration and composition of atmospheric aerosol from the 1995 SEAVS experiment and a review of the closure between chemical and gravimetric measurements J Air Waste Manage 50 648–664

    Google Scholar 

  • W Birmili A Allen F Bary R Harrison (2006) ArticleTitleTrace metal concentrations and water solubility in size-fractionated atmospheric particles and influence of road traffic Environ Sci Technol 14 IssueID4 1144–1153 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es0486925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WS Broecker (2000) ArticleTitleAbrupt climate change: causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record Earth Sci Rev 51 137–154 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00019-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LM Castro CA Pio RM Harrison DJT Smith (1999) ArticleTitleCarbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmos Environ 33 2771–2781 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00331-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CE (2004) II Position Paper on PM, CAFE Programme, Environment D.G., European Commission, 214 pp

  • P Chazette C Liousse (2001) ArticleTitleA case study of optical and chemical ground apportionment for urban aerosols in Thessaloniki Atmos Environ 35 IssueID14 2497–2506 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00425-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JC Chow JG Watson LC Pritchett WR Pierson CA Frazier RG Purcell (1993) ArticleTitleThe DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies Atmos Enviro 27A 1185–1201

    Google Scholar 

  • JC Chow JG Watson EM Fujuta Z Lu DR Lawson (1994) ArticleTitleTemporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol in the southern California air quality study Atmos Environ 28 2061–2080 Occurrence Handle10.1016/1352-2310(94)90474-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JC Chow JG Watson Z Lu DH Lowenthal CA Frazier PA Solomon RH Thuillier K Magliano (1996) ArticleTitleDescriptive analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX Atmos Environ 30 2079–2112 Occurrence Handle10.1016/1352-2310(95)00402-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JC Chow JG Watson D Crow DH Lowenthal T Merrifield (2001) ArticleTitleComparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements Aerosol Sci Technol 34 IssueID1 23–34

    Google Scholar 

  • JC Chow JG Watson L-WA Chen WP Arnott H Moosmüller KK Fung (2004) ArticleTitleEquivalence of elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance and transmittance with different temperature protocols Environ Sci Technol 38 IssueID16 4414–4422 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es034936u

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WF Christensen SR Sain (2002) ArticleTitleAccounting for dependence in a flexible multivariate receptor model Technometrics 44 328–337 Occurrence Handle10.1198/004017002188618527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LC Chu ES Macias (1981) Carbonaceous urban aerosol – primary or secondary? ES Macias PK Hopke (Eds) Atmospheric aerosol: source/air quality relationship American Chemical Society Washington, DC 251–268

    Google Scholar 

  • SH Chu (2004) ArticleTitlePM2.5 episodes as observed in the speciation trends network Atmos Environ 38 5237–5246 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SH Chu JW Paisie BWL Jang (2004) ArticleTitlePM data analysis – a comparison of two urban areas: Fresno and Atlanta Atmos Environ 38 3155–3164 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F Cousin C Liousse H Cachier B Bessagnet B Guillaume R Rosset (2005) ArticleTitleAerosol modelling and validation during Escompte 2001 Atmos Environ 39 IssueID8 1539–1550 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SN Crespí B Artíñano H Cabal (1995) ArticleTitleSynoptic classification of the mixed-layer height evolution J Appl Meteorol 34 IssueID7 1668–1677 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1666:SCOTML>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J Dessens P Van Dinh (1990) ArticleTitleFrequent Saharan dust outbreaks north of the Pyrenees: a sign of climatic change? Weather 45 327–333

    Google Scholar 

  • DIRSO (Direction Interrégionale des Routes Sud-Ouest) CIGT (Cellule d’Ingénierie et de Gestion du Trafic), Vehicular counts performed on major routes in Toulouse over 2005

  • D Dockery CA Pope X Xiping J Spengler J Ware M Fay B Ferris F Spiezer (1993) ArticleTitleAn association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities N Engl J Med 329 IssueID24 1753–1759 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199312093292401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G Dongarrà E Manno D Varrica M Vultaggio (2007) ArticleTitleMass levels, crustal component and trace elements in PM10 in Palermo, Italy Atmos Environ 41 IssueID36 7977–7986 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OM Essenwanger (1986) Elements of statistical analysis Amsterdam Elsevier 424

    Google Scholar 

  • MP Fraser GR Cass BRT Simoneit (1999) ArticleTitleParticulate organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and in the urban atmosphere Atmos Environ 33 2715–2724 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00311-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MP Fraser ZW Yue RJ Tropp SD Kohl JC Chow (2002) ArticleTitleMolecular composition of organic fine particulate matter in Houston, TX Atmos Environ 36 5751–5758 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00725-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BD Garg SH Cadle PA Mulawa PJ Groblicki Ch Laroo GA Parr (2000) ArticleTitleBrake wear particulate matter emissions Environ Sci Technol 34 4463–4469 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es001108h

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatebe CK, Kinyua AM, Mangala MJ, Kwach R, Njau LN, Mukolwe EA, Maina DM (1996) Determination of suspended particulates matter of major significance to human health using nuclear techniques in Kenya. J Radianal Nuclear Chem 203(1)

  • LJ Gleser (1997) ArticleTitleSome thoughts on chemical mass balance models Chemometr Intell Lab 37 15–22 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0169-7439(96)00060-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GE Gordon (1980) ArticleTitleReceptor models Environ Sci Technol 14 792–800 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es60167a006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillaume B, Liousse C (2006a) Development of carbonaceous aerosol emission inventories from fossil fuel over Europe at continental scale with focus on traffic at national and regional scales. ADEME (French Ministery of Environment and Sustainable Development) Report. Project 0262050

  • Guillaume B, Liousse C (2006b) Development of carbonaceous aerosol emission inventories from fossil fuel over Europe at continental scale with focus on traffic at national and regional scales. J Geophys Res (Submitted) (also: 8th conference on carbonaceous aerosol, Vienna, 2004)

  • Guillaume B, Liousse C, Rosset R, Cachier H, Van Velthoven P, Bessagnet B, Poisson N (2006) ORISAM-TM4: a new global sectional multi-component aerosol model including SOA formation – Focus on carbonaceous EC and OC aerosols. Tellus B (accepted)

  • G Güllü I Olmez S Aygun G Tuncel (1998) ArticleTitleAtmospheric trace element concentrations over the eastern Mediterranean sea: factors affecting temporal variability J Geophys Res 103 21943–21945 Occurrence Handle10.1029/98JD01358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RS Hamilton TA Mansfield (1991) ArticleTitleAirborne particulate elemental carbon: its source, transport and contribution to dark smoke and soiling Atmos Environ 25A 715–723

    Google Scholar 

  • RM Harrison J Yin (2000) ArticleTitleParticulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Sci Total Environ 249 85–101 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00513-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RM Harrison DJT Smith CA Pio LM Castro (1997) ArticleTitleComparative receptor modeling study of airborne particulate pollutants in Birmingham (United Kingdom), Coimbra (Portugal) and Lahore (Pakistan) Atmos Environ 31 IssueID20 3309–3321 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00152-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LM Hildermann GR Markowski GR Cass (1991) ArticleTitleChemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol Environ Sci Technol 25 744–759 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es00016a021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KF Ho SC Lee JC Yu SC Zou K Fung (2002) ArticleTitleCarbonaceous characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter in Hong Kong Sci Total Environ 300 59–67 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00281-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PV Hobbs LF Radke JH Lyons RJ Ferek DJ Coffman TJ Casadevall (1991) ArticleTitleAirborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the 1990 volcanic eruptions of Mount Redoubt J Geophys Res 96 IssueIDD10 18735–18752 Occurrence Handle10.1029/91JD01635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X-F Huang L-Y He M Hu Y-H Zhang (2006) ArticleTitleAnnual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing Atmos Environ 40 2449–2458 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RB Husar JM Prospero LL Stowe (1997) ArticleTitleCharacterisation of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product J Geophys Res 102 16889–16909 Occurrence Handle10.1029/96JD04009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Aerosols, their direct and indirect effects. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England (Chapter 5)

  • RL Johnson JJ Shah RA Cary JJ Huntzicker (1981) An automated thermal-optical method for the analysis of carbonaceous aerosol ES Macias PK Hopke (Eds) Atmospheric aerosol: source/air quality relationship American Chemical Society Washington, DC 223–233

    Google Scholar 

  • C Junker C Liousse (2006) ArticleTitleA global emission inventory of carbonaceous aerosol from historic records of fossil fuel and biofuel consumption for the period 1860–1997 Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 6 4897–4927

    Google Scholar 

  • K Karar AK Gupta (2006) ArticleTitleSeasonal variations and chemical characterization of ambient PM10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata (Calcutta), India Atmos Res 81 36–53 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • YJ Kim KW Kim SJ Oh (2001) ArticleTitleSeasonal characteristics of haze observed by continuous visibility monitoring in the urban atmosphere of Kwangju, Korea Environ Monit Assess 70 35–46 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010675620318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • YP Kim JH Lee NJ Basiuk JY Kim SG Shim CH Kang (1998) ArticleTitleSummertime characteristics of aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea Atmos Environ 32 3905–3915 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00108-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Koçak N Kubilay N Mihalopoulos (2004) ArticleTitleIonic composition of lower tropospheric aerosols at a North eastern Mediterranean site: implications regarding sources and long range transport Atmos Environ 38 2067–2077 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E Koltay I Rajta JR Morales I Borbély-Kiss ÁZ Kiss (1999) ArticleTitleCharacterization of individual aerosol particles from the eruption of Lonquimay volcano, Chile Nucl Instr Meth B150 375–383

    Google Scholar 

  • GS Kowalczyk GE Gordon SW Rheingrover (1982) ArticleTitleIdentification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, DC, using chemical element balances Environ Sci Technol 16 79–90 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es00096a005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DJ Lary AM Lee R Toumi MJ Newchurch M Pirre JB Renard (1997) ArticleTitleCarbon aerosols and atmospheric photochemistry J Geophys Res 102 3671–3682 Occurrence Handle10.1029/96JD02969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Legrand P Mayewski (1997) ArticleTitleGlaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review Rev Geophys 35 219–243 Occurrence Handle10.1029/96RG03527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C Lin S Chen K Huang (2005) ArticleTitleCharacteristics of metals in nano/ultrafine/fine/coarse particles collected beside a heavily trafficked road Environ Sci Technol 39 IssueID21 8113–8122 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es048182a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JJ Lin H-S Tai (2001) ArticleTitleConcentrations and distributions of carbonaceous species in ambient particles in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan Atmos Environ 35 2627–2636 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00444-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WP Linak JOL Wendt (1993) ArticleTitleToxic metal emissions from incineration: mechanisms and control Prog Energy Combust Sci 19 IssueID2 145–185 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0360-1285(93)90014-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C Liousse JE Penner C Chuang JJ Walton H Eddleman (1996) ArticleTitleA global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols J Geophys Res 100 19411–19432 Occurrence Handle10.1029/95JD03426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C Liousse MO Andreae P Artaxo P Barbosa H Cachier JM Grégoire P Hobbs D Lavoué F Mouillot J Penner M Scholes MG Schultz (2004) Deriving global quantitative estimates for spatial and temporal distributions of biomass burning emissions C Granier P Artaxo C Reeves (Eds) Emissions of atmospheric trace compounds Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 77–120

    Google Scholar 

  • C Liousse C Michel B Bessagnet H Cachier R Rosset (2005) ArticleTitle0-D-Modelling of carbonaceous aerosols over greater paris focusing on the organic particle formation J Atmos Chem 51 207–221 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10874-005-3578-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y Liu PH Daum (2002) ArticleTitleAnthropogenic aerosols: indirect warming effect from dispersion forcing Nature 419 580–581 Occurrence Handle10.1038/419580a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JM Martin N Meybeck (1979) ArticleTitleElemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers Mar Chem 7 173–206 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0304-4203(79)90039-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AD Maynard RL Maynard (2002) ArticleTitleA derived association between ambient aerosol surface area and excess mortality using historic time series data Atmos Environ 36 5561–5567 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00743-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N Mihalopoulos E Stephanou M Kanakidou S Pilitsidis P Bousquet (1997) ArticleTitleTropospheric aerosol ionic composition in the Eastern Mediterranean region Tellus Series B 49 314–326 Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0889.49.issue3.7.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T Moreno X Querol A Alastuey M Viana W Gibbons (2005) ArticleTitleExotic dust incursions into central Spain: implications for legislative controls on atmospheric particulates Atmos Environ 39 6109–6120 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JO Nriagu (1988) ArticleTitleA silent epidemic of environmental poisoning Environ Pollution 50 139–161 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0269-7491(88)90189-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JO Nriagu JM Pacyna (1988) ArticleTitleQuantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals Nature 320 735–738

    Google Scholar 

  • ORAMIP (Organisme Régional de l’Air en Midi Pyrénées) (2005) 15 ans d’évolution du dioxide d’azote dans l’agglomération toulousaine (http://www.oramip.org/content/oramip/LES_ETUDES/)

  • JM Pacyna (1986) NoChapterTitle JO Nriagu CI Davidson (Eds) Toxic metals in the atmosphere Wiley New York

    Google Scholar 

  • TA Pakkanen V-M Kerminen K Loukkola RE Hillamo P Aarnio T Koskentalo W Maenhaut (2003) ArticleTitleSize distribution of mass and chemical components in street-level and rooftop PM1 particles in Helsinki Atmos Environ 37 1673–1690 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00011-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SN Pandis RA Harley GR Cass JH Seinfeld (1992) ArticleTitleSecondary organic aerosol formation and transport Atmos Environ 26A 2269–2282

    Google Scholar 

  • PP Parekh B Ghauri L Husain (1989) ArticleTitleIdentification of pollution sources of anomalously enriched elements Atmos Environ 23 IssueID7 435–442

    Google Scholar 

  • SS Park YJ Kim (2004) ArticleTitlePM2.5 particles and size-segregated ionic species measured during fall season in three urban sites in Korea Atmos Environ 38 1459–1471 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SS Park YJ Kim K Fung (2002) ArticleTitlePM2.5 carbon measurements in two urban areas: Seoul and Kwangju, Korea Atmos Environ 36 1287–1297 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00552-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CA Pio IM Santos TD Anacleto TV Nunes RM Leal (1991) ArticleTitleParticulate and gaseous air pollutant levels at the Portuguese west coast Atmos Environ 25 669–680

    Google Scholar 

  • JM Prospero P Ginoux O Torres SE Nicholson TE Gill (2002) ArticleTitleEnvironmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product Rev Geophys 40 IssueID1 1002 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000RG000095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • X Querol A Alastuey J Rosa A Sánchez de la Campa F Plana C Ruiz (2002) ArticleTitleSource apportionment analysis of atmospheric particulates in an industrialised urban site in southwestern Spain Atmos Environ 36 3113–3125 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00257-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AR Ravishankara (1997) ArticleTitleHeterogeneous and multiphase chemistry in the troposphere Science 276 1058–1065 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.276.5315.1058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WF Rogge MA Mazurek LM Hildemann GR Cass (1993) ArticleTitleQuantification of urban organic aerosols at a molecular level: identification, abundance and seasonal variation Atmos Environ 27 1309–1330

    Google Scholar 

  • I Salma W Maenhaut (2006) ArticleTitleChanges in elemental composition and mass of atmospheric aerosol pollution between 1996 and 2002 in a Central European city Environ Pollut 143 479–488 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J Schwartz DW Dockery (1992) ArticleTitleIncreased mortality in Philadelphia associated with daily air pollution concentrations Am Rev Respir Dis 145 600–604

    Google Scholar 

  • D Schwela (2000) ArticleTitleAir pollution and health in the urban areas Rev Environ Health 15 IssueID1–2 13–42

    Google Scholar 

  • J Sciare K Oikonomou H Cachier N Mihalopoulos MO Andreae W Maenhaut R Sarda-Estève (2005) ArticleTitleAerosol mass closure and reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign Atmos Chem Phys 5 2253–2265 Occurrence Handle10.5194/acp-5-2253-2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JH Seinfeld SN Pandis (1998) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York 1360

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneyers R (1990) On the Statistical Analysis of Series of Observations WMO Tech Note 143, Geneva, 192 pp

  • KR Spurny (1998) ArticleTitleOn the physics chemistry and toxicology of ultrafine anthropogenic atmospheric aerosols (UAAA): new advances Toxicol Lett 97 253–261 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00080-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AW Stelson JH Seinfeld (1982) ArticleTitleRelative humidity and temperature dependence of the ammonium nitrate dissociation constant Atmos Environ 16 983–992 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0004-6981(82)90184-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Strader F Lurmann SN Pandis (1999) ArticleTitleEvaluation of secondary organic aerosols formation in winter Atmos Environ 33 4849–4863 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00310-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GD Thurston JD Spengler (1985) ArticleTitleA quantitative assessment of source contribution to inhalable particulate matter in metropolitan Boston Atmos Environ 19 9–25 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0004-6981(85)90132-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BJ Turpin JJ Huntzicker (1991) ArticleTitleSecondary formation of organic aerosol in the Los Angeles Basin: a descriptive analysis of organic and elemental carbon concentrations Atmos Environ 29 3527–3544 Occurrence Handle10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BJ Turpin JJ Huntzicker (1995) ArticleTitleIdentification of secondary aerosol episodes and quantification of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmos Environ 29 3527–3544 Occurrence Handle10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BJ Turpin RA Cary JJ Huntzicker (1990a) ArticleTitleAn in-situ, time-resolved analyzed for aerosol organic and elemental carbon Aerosol Sci Technol 12 161–171 Occurrence Handle10.1080/02786829008959336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BJ Turpin JJ Huntzicker KM Adams (1990b) ArticleTitleIntercomparison of photoacoustic and thermal-optical methods for the measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon Atmos Environ 24 IssueID7 1831–1835

    Google Scholar 

  • BJ Turpin P Saxena E Andrews (2000) ArticleTitleMeasuring and simulating particle organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects Atmos Environ 34 2983–3013 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Viana X Querol A Alastuey E Cuevas S Rodríguez (2002) ArticleTitleInfluence of African dust on the levels of atmospheric particulates in the Canary Islands air quality network Atmos Environ 36 5861–5875 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00463-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Viana X Querol A Alastuey G Gangoiti M Menéndez (2003) ArticleTitlePM levels in the Basque Country (Northern Spain): analysis of a 5 year data record and interpretation of seasonal variations Atmos Environ 37 2879–2891 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00292-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Viana X Querol A Alastuey (2006) ArticleTitleChemical characterisation of PM episodes in NE Spain Chemosphere 62 947–956 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J Viidanoja M Sillanpaa J Laakia VM Kerminen R Hillamo P Aarnio T Koskentalo (2002) ArticleTitleOrganic and black carbon in PM2.5 and PM10: 1 year of data from an urban site in Helsinki, Finland Atmos Environ 36 3183–3193 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00205-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D Voutsa C Samara T Kouimtzis K Ochsenkühn (2002) ArticleTitleElemental composition of airborne particulate matter in the multi-impacted urban area of Thessaloniki, Greece Atmos Environ 36 4453–4462 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00411-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Boselli X, D’Avino L, Pisani G, Spinelli N, Amodeo A, Chaikovsky A, Wiegner M, Nickovic S, Papayannis A, Perrone MR, Rizi V, Sauvage L, Stohl A (2007) Volcanic dust characterization by EARLINET during Etna’s eruptions in 2001–02. Atmos Environ, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.020

  • JG Watson (2002) ArticleTitleVisibility: science and regulation J Air Waste Manage 52 628–713

    Google Scholar 

  • G Weckwerth (2001) ArticleTitleVerification of traffic emitted aerosol components in the ambient air of Cologne (Germany) Atmos Environ 35 5525–5536 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00234-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B Wojas C Almquist (2007) ArticleTitleMass concentrations and metals speciation of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended solids in Oxford, Ohio and comparison with those from metropolitan sites in the Greater Cincinnati region Atmos Environ 41 IssueID39 9064–9078 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ME Wolf GM Hidy (1997) ArticleTitleAerosols and climate: Anthropogenic emissions and trends for 50 years J Geophys Res 102 11103–11121 Occurrence Handle10.1029/97JD00610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H (1994) Confirmatory factor analysis and its application to receptor modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Mathematics and Statistics

  • M Yatin S Tuncel NK Aras I Olmez S Aygun G Tuncel (2000) ArticleTitleAtmospheric trace elements in Ankara, Turkey: 1. factors affecting chemical composition of fine particles Atmos Environ 34 1305–1318 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00297-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B Ye X Ji H Yang X Yao CK Chan SH Cadle T Chan PA Mulawa (2003) ArticleTitleConcentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai for a 1 yr period Atmos Environ 37 499–510 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00918-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S Yu RL Dennis PV Bhave BK Eder (2004) ArticleTitlePrimary and secondary organic aerosols over the United States: estimates on the basis of observed organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and air quality modelled primary OC/EC ratios Atmos Environ 38 5257–5268 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.064

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Física, Universidad de León, León, Spain

    A. I. Calvo, A. Castro & R. Fraile

  2. Laboratoire d’Aérologie/OMP, UMR 5560, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS-UPS, Toulouse, France

    V. Pont, C. Liousse, A. Mariscal, E. Gardrat, P. Castera & C. G. Lacaux

  3. Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie, LMTG-UMR 5563 UR 154 CNRS Université Paul-Sabatier IRD, Toulouse, France

    B. Dupré & C. Zouiten

Authors
  1. A. I. Calvo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Pont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Liousse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Dupré
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Mariscal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. C. Zouiten
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. E. Gardrat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. P. Castera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. C. G. Lacaux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. A. Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. R. Fraile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. Pont.

Additional information

Correspondence: Véronique Pont, Laboratoire d’Aérologie/OMP, UMR 5560, Université Paul Sabatier – Toulouse III, 14, av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Calvo, A., Pont, V., Liousse, C. et al. Chemical composition of urban aerosols in Toulouse, France during CAPITOUL experiment. Meteorol Atmos Phys 102, 307–323 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-008-0319-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-008-0319-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation