The “tele” factor in surgery today and tomorrow: implications for surgical training and education
- 731 Downloads
- 14 Citations
Abstract
New technological developments in the field of telecommunications have allowed a wide range of potentially novel surgical applications. The introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991 has been followed by a steep rise of the relevance of telemedicine, as it is witnessed in the latest scientific literature. There has been a consistent, positive trend in publications dealing, respectively, with telemedicine and the Internet. This article reviews telemedicine and other surgery-related innovations that benefit from telecommunication advances, and presents data from a quantitative bibliographic analysis. A number of applications, such as telementoring, teleproctoring and robotic telesurgery are described and their huge potentials are discussed. The integration between surgery and telecommunications could constitute one of the major achievements of modern medicine, and its safe integration into clinical practice should be a priority for modern surgeons.
Keywords
Telemedicine Internet Telementoring Telesurgery and robotic surgery Surgical trainingNotes
Conflict of interest
Pietro Gambadauro and Rafael Torrejón have no conflicts of interest to declare.
References
- 1.Magos A, Gambadauro P. Desktop search engines: a modern way to hand search in full text. Lancet. 2005;366(9481):203–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Gambadauro P, Magos A. Office 2.0: a web 2.0 tool for international collaborative research. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1837–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.Rosser JC, Wood M, Payne JH, Fullum TM, Lisehora GB, Rosser LE, Barcia PJ, Salvagi RS. Telementoring: a practical option in surgical training. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:852–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Rosser JC, Gabriel N, Herman B, Murayama M. Telementoring and Teleproctoring. Worl J Surg. 2001;25:1438–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.Angood PB. Telemedicine, the Internet, and World Wide Web: overview, current status, and relevance to surgeons. World J Surg. 2001;25:1449–57.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical practice of telemedicine. Surg Endosc. 2000;14:975–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 7.Go PMNYH, Payne JH, Satava RM, Rosser JC. Teleconferencing bridges two oceans and shrinks the surgical world. Surg Endosc. 1996;10:105–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.Moore RG, Adams JB, Partin AW, Docimo SG, Kavoussi LR. Telementoring of laparoscopic procedures: initial clinical experience. Surg Endosc. 1996;10(2):107–10.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Marescaux J, Mutter D, Soler L, Vix M, Leroy J. The virtual university applied to telesurgery: from tele-education to tele-manipulation. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1999;183:509–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Rosser JC, Wood M, Payne JH, Fullum TM, Lisehora GB, Rosser LE, et al. Telementoring. A practical option in surgical training. Surg Endosc. 1997;11(8):852–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.Schulam PG, Docimo SG, Saleh W, Breitenbach C, Moore RG, Kavoussi L. Telesurgical mentoring. Initial clinical experience. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:1001–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Lee BR, Bishoff JT, Janetschek G, Bunyaratevej P, Kamolpronwijit W, Cadeddu JA, et al. A novel method of surgical instruction: international telementoring. World J Urol. 1998;16(6):367–70.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Cubano M, Poulose BK, Salamini MA, Stewart R, Antosek LE, Lentz R, et al. Long distance telementoring. A novel tool for laparoscopy aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:673–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 14.Lee BR, Png DJ, Liew L, Fabrizio M, Li MK, Jarrett JW, et al. Laparoscopic telesurgery between the United States and Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000;29:665–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Bauer JJ, Lee BR, Bishoff JT, Janetschek G, Bunyaratevej P, Kamolpronwijit W, et al. International surgical telementoring using a robotic arm: our experience. Telemed J. 2000;6:25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.Micali S, Virgili G, Vannozzi E, Grassi N, Jarrett TW, Bauer JJ, et al. Feasibility of telementoring between Baltimore (USA) and Rome (Italy): the first five cases. J Endourol. 2000;14:493–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.Gambadauro P, Magos A. Digital video technology and surgical training. Eur Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;3:31–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.Hahm JS, Lee HL, Choi HS, Shimizu S. Telemedicine system using a high-speed network: past, present, and future. Gut Liver. 2009;3(4):247–51.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Gambadauro P, Magos A. NEST (network enhanced surgical training): a PC-based system for telementoring in gynaecological surgery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;139(2):222–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Notte D, Mimouna R, Cadiere GB, Bruyns, Degueldre M, Mols P. Human factor’s in telemedicine: training surgeons by telementoring. Lect Notes Comput Sci. 2009;5619:1033–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Gambadauro P, Chapman L, Makris A, Papalampros P, Polyzos D, Papadopoulos N, et al. Simulating telementoring using NEST (network enhanced surgical training) in an endoscopic skills laboratory. Gynecol Surg. 2006;3:S41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.Darzi A, Smith S, Taffinder N. Assessing operative skills. BMJ. 1999;318:887–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.Sarker SK, Chang A, Vincent C, Darzi AW. Development of assessing generic and specific technical skills in laparoscopic surgery. Am J Surg. 2006;191:238–44.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Moorthy K, Muntz Y, Sarker SK, Darzi A. Objective assessment of technical skills in surgery. BMJ. 2003;327:1032–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 25.Gambadauro P, Magos A. Digital video recordings for training, assessment, and revalidation of surgical skills. Surg Technol Int. 2010;20:36–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Cheah WK, Lee B, Lenzi JE, Goh PM. Telesurgical laparoscopic cholecystectomy between two countries. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(11):1085.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Marescaux J, Leroy J, Gagner M, Rubino F, Mutter D, Vix M, et al. Transatlantic robot-assisted telesurgery. Nature. 2001;413:379–80.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.Pugin F, Bucher P, Morel P. History of robotic surgery: from AESOP® and ZEUS® to da Vinci®. J Visc Surg. 2011;148:e3–8.Google Scholar
- 29.Yim GW, Kim SW, Nam EJ, Kim YT. Role of robot-assisted surgery in cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21(1):173–81.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.Lehr EJ, Rodriguez E, Chitwood WR. Robotic cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(1):77–85.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.van Dam P, Hauspy J, Verkinderen L, Trinh XB, van Dam PJ, Van Looy L, et al. Are costs of robot-assisted surgery warranted for gynecological procedures? Obstet Gynecol Int. 2011;2011:973830.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 32.Haidegger T, Sándor J, Benyó Z. Surgery in space: the future of robotic telesurgery. Surg Endosc. 2011;25(3):681–90.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Hattori A, Hayashibe M, Konishi K, Kakeji Y, et al. Tele-surgery simulation with a patient organ model for robotic surgery training. Int J Med Robot. 2005;1(4):80–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Hayashibe M, Hattori A, Konishi K, Kakeji Y, et al. Tele-surgical simulation system for training in the use of da Vinci surgery. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2005;111:543–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Nguan C, Miller B, Patel R, Luke PP, Schlachta CM. Pre-clinical remote telesurgery trial of a da Vinci telesurgery prototype. Int J Med Robot. 2008;4(4):304–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.Sterbis JR, Hanly EJ, Herman BC, Marohn MR, Broderick TJ, Shih SP, et al. Transcontinental telesurgical nephrectomy using the da Vinci robot in a porcine model. Urology. 2008;71(5):971–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 37.Brockbank W. Old anatomical theatres and what took place therein. Med Hist. 1968;12(4):371–84.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.Ward JP, Gordon J, Field MJ, Lehmann HP. Communication and information technology in medical education. Lancet. 2001;10(357):792–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.Khan N, Coppola W, Rayne T, Epstein O. Medical student access to multimedia devices: most have it, some don’t and what’s next? Inform Health Soc Care. 2009;34(2):100–5.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Gormley GJ, Collins K, Boohan M, Bickle IC, Stevenson M. Is there a place for e-learning in clinical skills? A survey of undergraduate medical students’ experiences and attitudes. Med Teach. 2009;31(1):e6–12.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.Alvarez RS, Rodríguez JL, Alonso AC. Teaching surgery: new times, new methods. Cir Esp 2012;90:17–23.Google Scholar
- 42.Kleinpell R, Ely EW, Williams G, Liolios A, Ward N, Tisherman SA. Web-based resources for critical care education. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(3):541–53.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.Davies BS, Rafique J, Vincent TR, Fairclough J, Packer MH, Vincent R, et al. Mobile Medical Education (MoMEd)—how mobile information resources contribute to learning for undergraduate clinical students: a mixed methods study. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12(1):1–12.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.Wiecha J, Barrie N. Collaborative online learning: a new approach to distance CME. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):928–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.Butterworth K, Hayes B, Zimmerman M. Remote and rural: do mentors enhance the value of distance learning continuing medical education? Educ Health (Abingdon). 2011;24(3):539.Google Scholar
- 46.Casebeer L, Allison J, Spettell CM. Designing tailored Web-based instruction to improve practicing physicians’ chlamydial screening rates. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):929.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 47.Sargeant J, Curran V, Allen M, Jarvis-Selinger S, Ho K. Facilitating interpersonal interaction and learning online: linking theory and practice. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2006;26(2):128–36.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 48.Wong G, Greenhalgh T, Pawson R. Internet-based medical education: a realist review of what works, for whom and in what circumstances. BMC Med Educ. 2010;2(10):12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 49.Klock C, Gomes Rde P. Web conferencing systems: skype and MSN in telepathology. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3:S13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.Genzen JR, for the Education Committee of the Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians and Scientists. Pathology consultation on reporting of critical values. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(4):505–13.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 51.Rocha R, Vassallo J, Soares F, Miller K, Gobbi H. Digital slides: present status of a tool for consultation, teaching, and quality control in pathology. Pathol Res Pract. 2009;205(11):735–41.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.Ewers R, Schicho K, Wagner A, Undt G, Seemann R, Figl M, et al. Seven years of clinical experience with teleconsultation in craniomaxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(10):1447–54.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.Narenthiranathan NR, Adnan JS, Haspani MS. Tailoring teleconsultation to meet the current needs of neurosurgical services: a multimodality oriented neurosurgical consultation. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2010;161:112–21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 54.Seemann R, Guevara G, Undt G, Ewers R, Schicho K. Clinical evaluation of tele-endoscopy using UMTS cellphones. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(11):2855–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.Eranki V, Munt J, Lim MJ, Atkinson R. Consultation of orthopaedics cases using multimedia messaging services. Open Orthop J. 2010;23(4):164–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 56.Zetterman CV, Sweitzer BJ, Webb B, Barak-Bernhagen MA, Boedeker BH. Validation of a virtual preoperative evaluation clinic: a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2011;163:737–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 57.Gambadauro P, Magos A. Surgical videos for accident analysis, performance improvement and complication prevention: time for a surgical black box? Surg Innov. 2012;19:76–80. doi: 10.1177/1553350611415424.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.Brahams D. The medicolegal implications of teleconsulting in the UK. J Telemed Telecare. 1995;1(4):196–201.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 59.DeBakey ME. Telemedicine has now come of age. Telemed J. 1995;1(1):3–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 60.Shimizu S, Han HS, Okamura K, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka M. Live demonstration of surgery across international borders with uncompressed high-definition quality. HPB (Oxford). 2007;9(5):398–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 61.Grech V, Muscat HA, Cassar B. Videoconferencing: live procedures during conferences—practical problems and solutions. J Vis Commun Med. 2009;32:53–4.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 62.Hollick EJ, Allan BD. Live surgery: national survey of United Kingdom ophthalmologists. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(6):1029–32.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 63.Augestad KM, Lindsetmo RO. Overcoming distance: video-conferencing as a clinical and educational tool among surgeons. World J Surg. 2009;33(7):1356–65.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 64.Holland AJ, Soundappan SV, Oldmeadow W. Videoconferencing surgical tutorials: bridging the gap. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78(4):297–301.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.Gul YA, Wan AC, Darzi A. Undergraduate surgical teaching utilizing telemedicine. Med Educ. 1999;33(8):596–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.McIntyre TP, Monahan TS, Villegas L, Doyle J, Jones DB. Teleconferencing surgery enhances effective communication and enriches medical education. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2008;18(1):45–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar