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Giardia spp., the most ubiquitous protozoan parasite in Argentina: human, animal and environmental surveys reported in the last 40 years

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Abstract

Giardia is a parasite distributed worldwide and one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa in Argentina. We analysed all the national information regarding the prevalence of Giardia infections in humans, animals and environmental surveys over the last 40 years. In this work, we used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and the period between 1980 and 2019 was defined as time lapse for inclusion of the studies. The analysis was conducted using the LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Argentina SciELO databases employing as keywords ‘Giardia’ AND ‘Argentina’. We also carried out a manual review of papers. Of 304 articles, 92 fitted the eligibility criteria. Giardia was reported in 15 of the 23 Argentine provinces; human prevalence was between 3.4 and 64.8%. Indigenous children and residents in peri-urban areas had the higher infection rates. In animals, Giardia was identified mainly in dogs with a prevalence of 8.9 ± 7.0%, and studies of wild animals and cattle were notably scarce. Environmental studies showed that Giardia was detected in the soil and water which may act as reservoirs for this parasite revealing the need to modify the national water treatment legislation. The identification of Giardia genetic assemblages in the studies analysed was limited and showed that genotypes AII and B were found in humans while assemblage B was mainly detected in animals. This report provides useful information on epidemiological aspects of giardiasis in Argentina that may help to define future research priorities and provides useful tools for professionals regarding actual information on the prevalence of this infection.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all the authors consulted for improving the content of this manuscript. We thank the ESRI Conservation Program and the Society for Conservation GIS for software licences.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET PIP-11220150100741CO and the National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology ANPCyT (FONCyT), PICT-2017-1125 and PICTO-2017-0094 to M.R.R, PICT-2017-2435 to M.C.T and the National Ministry of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

    Maria Romina Rivero

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maria Romina Rivero, Constanza Feliziani, Carlos De Angelo, Oscar Daniel Salomon & Maria Carolina Touz

  3. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina

    Constanza Feliziani & Maria Carolina Touz

  4. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente (ICBIA), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

    Carlos De Angelo

  5. Departamento de Patología Animal. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

    Karina Tiranti

  6. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, INMeT, Neuquén y Jujuy s/n, 3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina

    Oscar Daniel Salomon

Authors
  1. Maria Romina Rivero
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  2. Constanza Feliziani
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  3. Carlos De Angelo
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  4. Karina Tiranti
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  5. Oscar Daniel Salomon
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  6. Maria Carolina Touz
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Contributions

MRR conceived the idea. MRR, CF and CDA performed the research, analysed the data and designed the maps and figures. MRR, CF, CDA, KT, ODS and MCT drafted, wrote and revised the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Romina Rivero.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Section Editor: Lihua Xiao

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Impacts

• Giardiasis caused by Giardia spp. is a significant health problem with a socioeconomic impact worldwide and is one of the most prevalent pathogen parasites in Argentina.

• Analysis of the studies reported on the prevalence of Giardia infections in humans and animals and on the detection of this parasite in the environment over the last four decades provides very important epidemiological information on this parasitic infection in Argentina.

• In Argentina, Giardia infections were reported in 15 of the 23 provinces. The prevalence of Giardia infections ranges from 3.4 to 64.8% in humans, and from 0.3 to 25.9% in dogs. Giardia was also detected in calves and in wild animals, such as nutria, black and gold howler monkeys and wild blue-fronted amazons. This parasite was also found in soil and water samples collected in the Pampas, Patagonia and Northwest regions of the country. Thus, this parasite and the infection that it causes are of public health concern in the country.

The evaluation of risk factors that predisposes to Giardia infections can help to understand the socioenvironmental and contextual framework that contributes to Giardia persistence in several regions in Argentina.

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Rivero, M.R., Feliziani, C., De Angelo, C. et al. Giardia spp., the most ubiquitous protozoan parasite in Argentina: human, animal and environmental surveys reported in the last 40 years. Parasitol Res 119, 3181–3201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06853-7

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