Abstract
Purpose
We aimed to analyse the acute effects of set configuration on cardiac parasympathetic modulation and blood pressure (BP) after a whole-body resistance training (RT) session.
Methods
Thirty-two participants (23 men and 9 women) performed one control (CON) and two RT sessions differing in the set configuration but with the same intensity (15RM load), volume (200 repetitions) and total resting time (360 s between sets for each exercise and 3 min between exercises): a long set configuration (LSC: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 2 resting minutes) and a short set configuration session (SSC, 8 sets of 5 repetitions with 51 resting seconds). Heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, the low frequency of systolic blood pressure oscillations (LFSBP), BP and lactatemia were evaluated before and after the sessions and mechanical performance was evaluated during exercise.
Results
LSC induced greater reductions on cardiac parasympathetic modulation versus SSC after the session and the CON (p < 0.001 to p = 0.024). However, no LFSBP and BP significant changes were observed. Furthermore, LSC caused a higher lactate production (p < 0.001) and velocity loss (p ≤ 0.001) in comparison with SSC.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that SSC attenuates the reduction of cardiac parasympathetic modulation after a whole-body RT, improving the mechanical performance and decreasing the glycolytic involvement, without alterations regarding vascular tone and BP.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 15RM:
-
15-Repetition maximum load
- 5LFR:
-
Last five to the first five repetition velocity ratio
- BEI:
-
Baroreflex effectiveness index
- BP:
-
Blood pressure
- BPV:
-
Blood pressure variability
- BPR:
-
Bench press
- BRS:
-
Baroreflex sensitivity
- CON:
-
Control session
- DBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- HF:
-
High frequency in absolute values
- HFn.u.:
-
High frequency in normalised units
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- HRV:
-
Heart rate variability
- KE:
-
Knee extension
- LFSBP:
-
Low frequency of systolic blood pressure
- LSC:
-
Long set configuration session
- Lt:
-
Capillary blood lactate concentration
- MAP:
-
Mean arterial pressure
- MMR:
-
Average mean propulsive velocity to maximum velocity ratio
- MPV:
-
Mean propulsive velocity
- PI:
-
Pulse interval
- RMSSD:
-
Root mean square of differences between adjacent pulse interval
- RT:
-
Resistance training
- RTE:
-
Relative treatment effect
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- SDNN:
-
Standard deviations of normal-to-normal pulse intervals
- SQ:
-
Parallel squat
- SSC:
-
Short set configuration session
References
Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU et al (2000) Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 343:1355–1361. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200011093431902
American College of Sports Medicine (2009) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:687–708. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670
Berntson GG, Thomas Bigger J, Eckberg DL et al (1997) Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 34:623–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x
Billman GE (2006) Cardiovascular variability is/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation. J Appl Physiol 101:684–688. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00562.2006
Billman GE (2011) Heart rate variability—a historical perspective. Front Physiol 2:86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2011.00086
Blaber AP, Yamamoto Y, Hughson RL (1995) Methodology of spontaneous baroreflex relationship assessed by surrogate data analysis. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol 268:H1682–H1687. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.4.H1682
Brown TE, Beightol LA, Koh J, Eckberg DL (1993) Important influence of respiration on human R–R interval power spectra is largely ignored. J Appl Physiol 75:2310–2317. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2310
Bruno RM, Ghiadoni L, Seravalle G et al (2012) Sympathetic regulation of vascular function in health and disease. Front Physiol 3:284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00284
Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi SS (2007) Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Hear Circ Physiol 293:H8–10. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2007
Casonatto J, Goessler KF, Cornelissen VA et al (2016) The blood pressure-lowering effect of a single bout of resistance exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23:1700–1714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316664147
de Lima AHRA, de Forjaz CLM, de Silva MGQ et al (2011) Acute effect of resistance exercise intensity in cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise. Arq Bras Cardiol 96:498–503. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000043
De Souza JC, Tibana RA, Cavaglieri CR et al (2013) Resistance exercise leading to failure versus not to failure: effects on cardiovascular control. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 13:105. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-105
Denton J, Cronin JB (2006) Kinematic, kinetic, and blood lactate profiles of continuous and intraset rest loading schemes. J Strength Cond Res 20:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1519/18135.1
Di RM, Parati G, Castiglioni P et al (2001) Baroreflex effectiveness index: an additional measure of baroreflex control of heart rate in daily life. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280:744–751. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.3.R744
Eckberg DL (1997) Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal. Circulation 96:3224–3232
Figueiredo T, Rhea MR, Peterson M et al (2015a) Influence of number of sets on blood pressure and heart rate variability after a strength training session. J Strength Cond Res 29:1556–1563. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000774
Figueiredo T, Willardson JM, Miranda H et al (2015b) Influence of load intensity on postexercise hypotension and heart rate variability after a strength training session. J Strength Cond Res 29:2941–2948. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000954
Figueiredo T, Willardson JM, Miranda H et al (2016) Influence of rest interval length between sets on blood pressure and heart rate variability after a strength training session performed by prehypertensive men. J Strength Cond Res 30:1813–1824. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001302
Fisher JP, Young CN, Fadel PJ (2015) Autonomic adjustments to exercise in humans. Compr Physiol 5:475–512. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c140022
Fortin J, Haitchi G, Bojic A et al (2001) Validation and verification of the Task Force® monitor. FDA Pap 510:1–7
George DT, Nutt DJ, Walker WV et al (1989) Lactate and hyperventilation substantially attenuate vagal tone in normal volunteers: a possible mechanism of panic provocation? Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:153–156. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810020055009
Girman JC, Jones MT, Matthews TD, Wood RJ (2014) Acute effects of a cluster-set protocol on hormonal, metabolic and performance measures in resistance-trained males. Eur J Sport Sci 14:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.775351
Gomides R, Dias R, Souza D et al (2010) Finger blood pressure during leg resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 31:590–595. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1252054
Goodman JM, Burr JF, Banks L, Thomas SG (2016) The acute risks of exercise in apparently healthy adults and relevance for prevention of cardiovascular events. Can J Cardiol 32:523–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.019
Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K (2005) The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:955–963. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000170470.98084.39
Heffernan KS, Collier SR, Kelly EE et al (2007) Arterial stiffness and baroreflex sensitivity following bouts of aerobic and resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 28:197–203. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924290
Heffernan KS, Sosnoff JJ, Jae SY et al (2008) Acute resistance exercise reduces heart rate complexity and increases QTc interval. Int J Sports Med 29:289–293. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965363
Hess WR (2014) Nobel lecture: the central control of the activity of internal organs. Nobelprize.org.Nobel Media AB. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/hess-lecture.html. Accessed 24 Mar 2020
Hjalmarson A (2007) Heart rate: an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Eur Hear J Suppl 9:F3–F7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/sum030
Iglesias-Soler E, Carballeira E, Sanchez-Otero T et al (2012) Acute effects of distribution of rest between repetitions. Int J Sports Med 33:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299699
Iglesias-Soler E, Boullosa DA, Carballeira E et al (2014a) Effect of set configuration on hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic modulation after high-intensity squat exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 35:250–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12158
Iglesias-Soler E, Carballeira E, Sánchez-Otero T et al (2014b) Performance of maximum number of repetitions with cluster-set configuration. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9:637–642. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0246
Iglesias-Soler E, Mayo X, Río-Rodríguez D et al (2015) Inter-repetition rest training and traditional set configuration produce similar strength gains without cortical adaptations. J Sports Sci 0414:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1119299
Izdebska E, Cybulska I, Izdebskir J et al (2004) Effects of moderate physical training on blood pressure variability and hemodynamic pattern in mildly hypertensive subjects. J Physiol Pharmacol 55:713–724
Johansson M, Gao SA, Friberg P et al (2007) Baroreflex effectiveness index and baroreflex sensitivity predict all-cause mortality and sudden death in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. J Hypertens 25:163–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000254377.18983.eb
Jouven X, Empana J-P, Schwartz PJ et al (2005) Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med 352:1951–1958. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043012
Karataş MB, İpek G, Çanga Y et al (2015) Assessment of short-term blood pressure variability in patients with ascending aortic dilatation. Clin Cardiol 38:757–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22485
Kenney MJ, Seals DR (1993) Postexercise hypotension: key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension 22:653–664. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.22.5.653
Kerby DS (2014) The simple difference formula: an approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Compr Psychol. https://doi.org/10.2466/11.IT.3.1
Kingsley JD, Figueroa A (2014) Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 36:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12223
Kingsley JD, Hochgesang S, Brewer A et al (2014) Autonomic modulation in resistance-trained individuals after acute resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 35:851–856. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1371836
Kingsley JD, Mayo X, Tai YL, Fennell C (2016) Arterial stiffness and autonomic modulation after free-weight resistance exercises in resistance trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res 30:3373–3380. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001461
Kingsley JD, Tai YL, Marshall EM et al (2019) Autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity after acute resistance exercise: responses between sexes. J Sports Med Phys Fit 59:1036–1044. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08864-3
Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF (2017) Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research—recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front Psychol 8:213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
Lahiri MK, Kannankeril PJ, Goldberger JJ (2008) Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease. Physiological basis and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1725–1733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.038
Latella C, Teo W-P, Drinkwater EJ et al (2019) The acute neuromuscular responses to cluster set resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 49:1861–1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01172-z
Malik M (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 93:1043–1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S (1991) Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation 84:482–492. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.2.482
Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Carballeira-Fernández E, Fernández-Del-Olmo M (2015) A shorter set reduces the loss of cardiac autonomic and baroreflex control after resistance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 16:996–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1108367
Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Fariñas-Rodríguez J et al (2016) Exercise type affects cardiac vagal autonomic recovery after a resistance training session. J strength Cond Res 30:2565–2573. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001347
Mohebbi H, Rohani H, Ghiasi A (2016) Effect of involved muscle mass in resistance exercise on post exercise blood pressure and rate pressure product. Apunt Med l’Esport 51:123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2016.05.002
Neto VGCGC, Figueiredo T, Simões ADD et al (2016) Influence of load intensity on blood pressure after a resistance training session. Apunt Med l’Esport 52:23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2016.07.003
Niemelä T, Kiviniemi A, Hautala A et al (2008) Recovery pattern of baroreflex sensitivity after exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:864–870. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181666f08
Noguchi K, Gel YR, Brunner E, Konietschke F (2012) nparLD: an R software package for the nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments. J Stat Softw 50:1–23
Ogoh S, Fisher JP, Dawson EA et al (2005) Autonomic nervous system influence on arterial baroreflex control of heart rate during exercise in humans. J Physiol 566:599–611. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.084541
Okuno NM, Pedro RE, Leicht AS et al (2014) Cardiac autonomic recovery after a single session of resistance exercise with and without vascular occlusion. J Strength Cond Res 28:1143–1150. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000245
Oliver JM, Jagim AR, Sanchez AC et al (2013) Greater gains in strength and power with intraset rest intervals in hypertrophic training. J Strength Cond Res 27:3116–3131. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182891672
Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S et al (1986) Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circ Res 59:178–193. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.59.2.178
Pagani M, Montano N, Porta A, Birkett C (1997) Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Circulation 95:1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.95.6.1441
Parati G, Mancia G, Di Rienzo M et al (2006) Point: counterpoint: cardiovascular variability is/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation. J Appl Physiol 101:676–682. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00446.2006
Penttila J, Helminen A, Jartti T et al (2001) Time domain, geometrical and frequency domain analysis of cardiac vagal outflow: effects of various respiratory patterns. Clin Physiol 21:365–376. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00337.x
Polito MD, Farinatti PTV (2009) The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res 23:2351–2357. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bb71aa
Pollock ML, Franklin BA, Balady GJ et al (2000) Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription: an advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation 101:828–833. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.7.828
Queiroz ACCCC, Kanegusuku H, Chehuen MRR et al (2013) Cardiac work remains high after strength exercise in elderly. Int J Sport Med 34:391–397. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323779
Queiroz ACC, Sousa JCS, Cavalli AAP et al (2015) Post-resistance exercise hemodynamic and autonomic responses: comparison between normotensive and hypertensive men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25:486–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12280
Rezk CC, Marrache RCB, Tinucci T et al (2006) Post-resistance exercise hypotension, hemodynamics, and heart rate variability: influence of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 98:105–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0257-y
Rial-Vázquez J, Mayo X, Tufano JJ et al (2020) Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: changes in the force–velocity relationship. Sport Biomech. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2020.1718197
Rosenwinkel ET, Bloomfield DM, Arwady MA, Goldsmith RL (2001) Exercise and autonomic function in health and cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Clin 19:369–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70223-X
Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo JJ (2011) Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213f880
Sánchez-Medina L, Pérez CE, González-Badillo JJ (2010) Importance of the propulsive phase in strength assessment. Int J Sports Med 31:123–129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242815
Schild M, Eichner G, Beiter T et al (2016) Effects of acute endurance exercise on plasma protein profiles of endurance-trained and untrained individuals over time. Mediators Inflamm 2016:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4851935
Simão R, Fleck SJ, Polito M et al (2005) Effects of resistance training intensity, volume, and session format on the postexercise hypotensive response. J Strength Cond Res 19:853–858. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-16494.1
Simões RP, Mendes RG, Castello V et al (2010) Heart-rate variability and blood-lactate threshold interaction during progressive resistance exercise in healthy older men. J Strength Cond Res 24:1313–1320. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d2c0fe
Steele J (2014) Intensity; in-ten-si-ty; noun. 1. Often used ambiguously within resistance training. 2. Is it time to drop the term altogether? Br J Sports Med 48:1586–1588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-092127
Stuckey MI, Tordi N, Mourot L et al (2012) Autonomic recovery following sprint interval exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 22:756–763. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01320.x
Tanner RK, Fuller KL, Ross MLR (2010) Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus. Eur J Appl Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1379-9
Teixeira AL, Ramos PS, Vianna LC, Ricardo DR (2015) Heart rate variability across the menstrual cycle in young women taking oral contraceptives. Psychophysiology 52:1451–1455. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12510
von Holzen JJ, Capaldo G, Wilhelm M, Stute P (2016) Impact of endo- and exogenous estrogens on heart rate variability in women: a review. Climacteric 19:222–228. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2016.1145206
Wang Y-P, Kuo TBJ, Lai C-T et al (2013) Effects of respiratory time ratio on heart rate variability and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 115:1648–1655. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2013
Weippert M, Behrens K, Rieger A et al (2015) Effects of breathing patterns and light exercise on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 40:762–768. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0493
Yeragani VK, Srinivasan K, Pohl R et al (1994) Sodium lactate increases sympathovagal ratios in normal control subjects: spectral analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Psychiatry Res 54:97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(94)90068-X
Yeragani VK, Srinivasan K, Balon R, Berchou R (1996) Effects of lactate on cross-spectral analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, and lung volume in normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res 60:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02860-9
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to the participants and the collaborators for their efforts throughout the study. This work has been partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the IACOBUS programme—Research stay 6th edition from the European Association of International Cooperation Galicia-North of Portugal, and by an INDITEX-UDC 2019 stay abroad grants for pre-doctoral students.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EIS, MR, and XM conceived and designed research. MRA and EIS conducted experiments. MRA and EIS analysed data. MRA, EIS, XM, JM, and JDK drafted and critically revised the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable standards.
Informed consent
Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Communicated by Guido Ferretti.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rúa-Alonso, M., Mayo, X., Mota, J. et al. A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 120, 1905–1919 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04424-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04424-3