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Petrology and geochemistry of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption, central Iceland: compositional and mineralogical characteristics, temporal variability and magma storage

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Abstract

The 2014–2015 Holuhraun fissure eruption provided a rare opportunity to study in detail the magmatic processes and magma plumbing system dynamics during a 6-month-long, moderate- to large-volume basaltic fissure eruption. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive dataset, including major and trace elements of whole-rock and glassy tephra samples, mineral chemistry, and radiogenic and oxygen isotope analyses from an extensive set of samples (n = 62) that were collected systematically in several field campaigns throughout the entire eruptive period. We also present the first detailed chemical and isotopic characterization of magmatic sulfides from Iceland. In conjunction with a unique set of geophysical data, our approach provides a detailed temporal and spatial resolution of magmatic processes before and during this eruption. The 2014–2015 Holuhraun magma is compositionally indistinguishable from recent basalts erupted from the Bárðarbunga volcanic system, consistent with seismic observations for magma ascent close to the Bárðarbunga central volcano, followed by dyke propagation to the Holuhraun eruption site. Whole-rock elemental and isotopic compositions are remarkably constant throughout the eruption. Moreover, the inferred depth of the magma reservoir tapped during the eruption is consistently 8 ± 5 km, in agreement with geodetic observations and melt inclusion entrapment pressures, but inconsistent with vertically extensive multi-tiered magma storage prior to eruption. The near constancy in the chemical and isotopic composition of the lava is consistent with the efficient homogenization of mantle-derived compositional variability. In contrast, occurrence of different mineral populations, including sulfide globules, which display significant compositional variability, requires a more complex earlier magmatic history. This may include sampling of heterogeneous mantle melts that mixed, crystallized and finally homogenized at mid- to lower-crustal conditions.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Guðrún Sverrisdóttir, Gylfi Sigurðsson, Sigríður Inga Svavarsdóttir and Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin for lab assistance in Reykjavík and Bergrún A. Óladóttir and Ármann Höskuldsson for their contribution to the fieldwork. Funding for analytical work in Reykjavík was provided by the Research Fund of the University of Iceland and the Icelandic government through the Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police. The NordSIMS facility is a joint Nordic infrastructure funded by the research funding agencies of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the University of Iceland. This is NordSIMS contribution 565. MH acknowledges support from NERC Grant NE/M021130/1; DAN acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the German Research Foundation (DFG; NE 2097/1-1) and DWP acknowledges support from NSF Grant #EAR1550415. The LANDSAT image was made available by the U.S. Geological Survey. We gratefully acknowledge constructive and thoughtful comments by an anonymous reviewer, Aaron Pietruszka and the editor Othmar Müntener that all helped to improve this manuscript.

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  1. Morten S. Riishuus

    Present address: Faroese Geological Survey, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Sæmundur A. Halldórsson, Enikő Bali, Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson, Morten S. Riishuus, Gro B. M. Pedersen, Sigurður Jakobsson, Rob Askew, Catherine R. Gallagher, Esther R. Guðmundsdóttir, Jónas Gudnason, William M. Moreland, Birgir V. Óskarsson, Paavo Nikkola, Hannah I. Reynolds, Johanne Schmith & Thorvaldur Thordarson

  2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Margaret E. Hartley

  3. Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    David A. Neave

  4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA

    David W. Peate

  5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA

    Ilya Bindeman

  6. Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

    Martin J. Whitehouse

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Correspondence to Sæmundur A. Halldórsson.

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Communicated by Othmar Müntener.

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Halldórsson, S.A., Bali, E., Hartley, M.E. et al. Petrology and geochemistry of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption, central Iceland: compositional and mineralogical characteristics, temporal variability and magma storage. Contrib Mineral Petrol 173, 64 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1487-9

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