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Shallow-level differentiation of phonolitic lavas from Sumaco Volcano, Ecuador

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Abstract

Sumaco Volcano is located in the rear-arc of Ecuador and produces phonolitic alkaline lavas hosting a unique assemblage of minerals including haüyne and titanaugite. The most mafic lavas are picrobasalts that contain titanaugite as the primary mineral phase; the most evolved tephri-phonolite lavas contain titanaugite + anorthoclase + haüyne. Titanaugite forms at middle to deep crustal pressures, whereas haüyne is only stable at shallow depths in highly oxidizing conditions. The Sumaco mineral assemblages and geochemistry indicate that fractionation of the titanaugite- and haüyne-bearing assemblage took place over a range of pressures from 5 to 25 kbar (14–75 km), with at least 50% of differentiation taking place at shallow crustal levels. Minerals record multiple cycles of recharge and mixing accompanied by an increase in fO2 and sulfur concentration during differentiation. Mantle-like Sr and Nd isotope values (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70406–0.70423; 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512880–0.512913) indicate minimal crustal assimilation. Sumaco’s unique geochemical composition is not observed in the nearby volcanoes Antisana, Pan de Azucar or El Reventador suggesting that its unique magma source is confined to this volcano. The high temperature and sulfate-saturated conditions at shallow depths suggest that magma ascends rapidly to a shallow reservoir where the majority of crystallization and recharge takes place prior to eruption. An important conclusion of this research is that Sumaco does not represent typical rear-arc subduction processes, and caution should be used when using Sumaco as an end-member to evaluate across-arc processes in the Northern Volcanic Zone.

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Acknowledgements

The National Science Foundation provided funding for this collaborative research through NSF EAR 1019545 (KWWS) and NSF EAR- 1019546 (JMG) as well as supplemental funding (EAR-1135007) to cover expenses related to sample collection on the summit of Sumaco Volcano. We also received funding from the Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE) for which we are very grateful. This work was also supported by NSF grants EAR0509922 and OCE0728077 to GMY. We also thank the members of our Ecuador field team for their hard work and help with sample collecting, including Chris Waters (UWyo), Jessica Seemeyer (CSULA), the students from the IGEPN in Quito and the helicopter pilot Captain Mario Acosta with Avioandes. This paper was much improved by the thoughtful and thorough reviews by Pablo Sameniego and Abigail Barker and the editorial handling of Jayagopal Subramaniam.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences and Environment, California State University, Los Angeles, USA

    Jennifer M. Garrison & Ricardo D. Escobar

  2. Wyoming High Precision Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA

    Kenneth W. W. Sims & Sean Scott

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

    Gene M. Yogodzinski

  4. Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador

    Patricia Mothes, Minard L. Hall & Patricio Ramon

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  1. Jennifer M. Garrison
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Correspondence to Jennifer M. Garrison.

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Communicated by Jochen Hoefs.

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Garrison, J.M., Sims, K.W.W., Yogodzinski, G.M. et al. Shallow-level differentiation of phonolitic lavas from Sumaco Volcano, Ecuador. Contrib Mineral Petrol 173, 6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1431-4

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