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The geochemistry of a dying continental arc: the Incapillo Caldera and Dome Complex of the southernmost Central Andean Volcanic Zone (~28°S)

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Abstract

The Pleistocene Incapillo Caldera and Dome Complex (5,570 m) marks the southernmost siliceous center of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (~28°S), where the steeply dipping (~30°) segment of the subducting Nazca plate transitions into the Chilean “flatslab” to the south. The eruption of the Incapillo Caldera and Dome Complex began with a 3–1 Ma effusive phase characterized by ~40 rhyodacitic dome eruptions. This effusive phase was terminated by an explosive “caldera-forming” event at 0.51 Ma that produced the 14 km3 Incapillo ignimbrite. Distinctive and virtually identical chemical signatures of the domes and ignimbrites (SiO2 = 67–72 wt%; La/Yb = 37–56; Ba/La = 16–28; La/Ta = 30–50; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70638–0.70669; ε Nd = −4.2 to −4.6) indicate that all erupted lavas originated from the same magma chamber and that differentiation effects between units were minor. The strong HREE depletion (Sm/Yb = 6–8) that distinguishes Incapillo magmas from most of the large ignimbrites of the Altiplano–Puna plateau can be explained by the extent and degree of partial melting at lower crustal depths (>40 km) in the presence of garnet. At upper crustal depths, this high-pressure residual geochemical signature, also common to adjacent late Miocene/Pliocene Pircas Negras andesites, was partially overprinted by shallow-level assimilation and fractional crystallization processes. Energy-constrained AFC modeling suggests that incorporation of anatectic upper crustal melts into a fractionated “adakite-like” dacitic host best explains the petrogenesis of Incapillo magmas. The diminution of the sub-arc asthenospheric wedge during Nazca plate shallowing left the Incapillo magma chamber unreplenished by both mafic mantle-derived and lower crustal melts and thus stranded at shallow depths within the Andean crust. Based on its small size and distinctive high-pressure chemical signature, the Incapillo Caldera and Dome Complex provides an endmember model for an Andean caldera erupting within a waning magmatic arc over a shallowing subduction zone.

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Acknowledgments

We particularly thank Robert Kay for his discussion and his substantial contributions in collecting the INAA data and Daniel Rubiolo, Beatriz Coira, Gabriela Depine, and Andrés Folguera for their contributions in the field. Gerhard Wörner at the Universität Göttingen is graciously thanked for the oxygen isotopic data and George Kamenov at the University of Florida for the MC-ICPMS isotopic data. Finally, we recognize the high alpine 4x4 driving ability of Jorge Lemp and Antonio Diaz (SERNAGEOMIN) which greatly aided in sample collection and field mapping. This manuscript was improved by two anonymous reviewers.

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    A. R. Goss

  2. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Snee Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    S. M. Kay

  3. Antofagasta Minerals, Apoquindo 4001, Piso 18, Santiago, Chile

    C. Mpodozis

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  1. A. R. Goss
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Correspondence to A. R. Goss.

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Communicated by T. L. Grove.

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Goss, A.R., Kay, S.M. & Mpodozis, C. The geochemistry of a dying continental arc: the Incapillo Caldera and Dome Complex of the southernmost Central Andean Volcanic Zone (~28°S). Contrib Mineral Petrol 161, 101–128 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0523-1

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