Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome

European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Preventive health effects of coffee could have a widespread impact on public health. Green coffee has more phenols than roasted, and thus is healthier, although with less acceptable organoleptic properties. Therefore, the effects of regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend (35/65) on the main components of MetS in humans were evaluated.

Methods

A crossover, randomized, controlled study was performed in 25 normocholesterolaemic and 27 hypercholesterolaemic men and women aged 18–45 years with BMI 18–25 kg/m2. Three servings/day of the blend, providing 510.6 mg hydroxycinnamic acids and 121.2 mg caffeine/day, were consumed versus a control drink, during 8 weeks each. Polyphenol and methylxanthine-rich foods were restricted along the study. At the beginning (baseline) and end of the control and coffee interventions, blood samples were collected and glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin and visfatin were analysed; waist circumference, %body fat, and blood pressure were measured and dietary records and physical activity questionnaires completed.

Results

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) in both groups as well as %body fat (p = 0.001) which may be related to the lower leptin (p = 0.001), PAI-1 (p < 0.001) and resistin (p = 0.034) levels in the two groups after coffee consumption. Glucose concentration (p = 0.030) and insulin resistance (p = 0.011; HOMA-IR) also decreased, as well as triglyceride levels (p = 0.017), so that the reduction was much greater in the hypercholesterolaemics (group effect, p = 0.027).

Conclusion

Regular consumption of the green/roasted coffee blend may be recommended to healthy and hypercholesterolaemic subjects to prevent MetS, as it produces positive effects on blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

CGA:

Chlorogenic acid

FA:

Fatty acids

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HOMA-IR:

Homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

PAI-1:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

TC:

Total cholesterol

References

  1. Grosso G, Marventano S, Galvano F, Pajak A, Mistretta A (2014) Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population: role of caffeinated beverages. J Epidemiol 24:327–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. O’Neill S, O’Driscoll L (2015) Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev 16:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C (2004) Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the national heart, lung and blood institute/American heart association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:e13–e18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sadikot S, Hermans M (2010) Here we go again … The metabolic syndrome revisited! Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev 4:111–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Pala L, Monami M, Ciani S, Dicembrini I, Pasqua A, Pezzatini A, Francesconi P, Cresci B, Mannucci E, Rotella CM (2012) Adipokines as possible new predictors of cardiovascular diseases: a case control study. J Nutr Metab 2012:253428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Tunnicliffe JM, Shearer J (2008) Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: physiological mechanisms and mediators. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:1290–1300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ludwig IA, Clifford MN, Lean ME, Ashihara H, Crozier A (2014) Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health. Food Funct 5:1695–1717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Meng S, Cao J, Feng Q, Peng J, Hu Y (2013) Roles of chlorogenic acid on regulating glucose and lipids metabolism: a review. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 801457

  9. Murase T, Hattori T, Ohtake M, Abe M, Amakusa Y, Takatsu M, Murohara T, Nagata K (2012) Cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) rats: a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 35:186–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Li Kwok Cheong JD, Croft KD, Henry PD, Matthews V, Hodgson JM, Ward NC (2014) Green coffee polyphenols do not attenuate features of the metabolic syndrome and improve endothelial function in mice fed a high fat diet. Arch Biochem Biophys 559:46–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E (2010) Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J Food Sci 75:R77–R87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hino A, Adachi H, Enomoto M, Furuki K, Shigetoh Y, Ohtsuka M, Kumagae S, Hirai Y, Jalaldin A, Satoh A, Imaizumi T (2007) Habitual coffee but not green tea consumption is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome: an epidemiological study in a general Japanese population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 76:383–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Matsuura H, Mure K, Nishio N, Kitano N, Nagai N, Takeshita T (2012) Relationship between coffee consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Japanese civil servants. J Epidemiol 22:160–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Takami H, Nakamoto M, Uemura H, Katsuura S, Yamaguchi M, Hiyoshi M, Sawachika F, Juta T, Arisawa K (2013) Inverse correlation between coffee consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study in Tokushima, Japan. J Epidemiol 23:12–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Balk L, Hoekstra T, Twisk J (2009) Relationship between long term coffee consumption and components of the metabolic syndrome: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Eur J Epidemiol 24:203–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Driessen MT, Koppes LL, Veldhuis L, Samoocha D, Twisk JW (2009) Coffee consumption is not related to the metabolic syndrome at the age of 36 years: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 63:536–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB (2010) The role of the mediterranean diet on the development of the metabolic syndrome. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2:1320–1333

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baeza G, Amigo-Benavent M, Sarria B, Goya L, Mateos R, Bravo L (2014) Green coffee hydroxycinnamic acids but not caffeine protect human HepG2 cells against oxidative stress. Food Res Int 62:1038–1046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Martínez-López S, Sarriá B, Baeza G, Mateos R, Bravo-Clemente L (2014) Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in plasma and urine after consuming a soluble green/roasted coffee blend by healthy subjects. Food Res Int 64:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:412–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Moreiras O, Carbajal A, Cabrera L, Cuadrado C (2009) In Tablas de composición de alimentos, ed. Pirámide. 13th edn. Ediciones Pirámide, Madrid, Spain

  22. Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Micek A, Topor-Madry R, Pikhart H, Szafraniec K, Pajak A (2015) Association of daily coffee and tea consumption and metabolic syndrome: results from the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study. Eur J Nutr 54:1129–1137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Grosso G, Pajak A, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Raciti T, Buscemi S, Drago F, Scalfi L, Galvano F (2014) Protective role of the Mediterranean diet on several cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from Sicily, southern Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Discov 24:370–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mateos R, Gómez-Juaristi M, Martínez-López S, Baeza G, Amigo-Benavent M, Sarriá B, Bravo-Clemente L (2015) Bioavailability of hydroxycinnamate derivatives after consuming a soluble green/roasted coffee blend by healthy humans. Poster presented in the International Congress: EuroFoodChem XVIII, Madrid

  25. Martínez-López S, Sarriá B, Baeza G, Mateos R, Bravo-Clemente L (2014) Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in plasma and urine after consuming a soluble green/roasted coffee blend by healthy subjects. Food Res Int 64:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Johnston KL, Clifford MN, Morgan LM (2003) Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am J Clin Nutr 78:728–733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lagiou P, Signorello LB, Mantzoros CS, Trichopoulos D, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulou A (1999) Hormonal, lifestyle, and dietary factors in relation to leptin among elderly men. Ann Nutr Metab 43:23–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pham NM, Nanri A, Yasuda K, Kurotani K, Kuwahara K, Akter S, Sato M, Hayabuchi H, Mizoue T (2015) Habitual consumption of coffee and green tea in relation to serum adipokines: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0701-4

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yamashita K, Yatsuya H, Muramatsu T, Toyoshima H, Murohara T, Tamakoshi K (2012) Association of coffee consumption with serum adiponectin, leptin, inflammation and metabolic markers in Japanese workers: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Diabetes 2:e33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kempf K, Herder C, Erlund I, Kolb H, Martin S, Carstensen M, Koenig W, Sundvall J, Bidel S, Kuha S, Tuomilehto J (2010) Effects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 91:950–957

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM (2005) Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation. Obes Res 13:1195–1204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, Vasiliadou C, Taxiarchou E, Vezali E, Tsiamis E, Stefanadis C, Kallikazaros I (2006) Heavy coffee consumption in conjunction with smoking is accompanied by increased inflammatory processes and impaired thrombosis/fibrinolysis system in essential hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens 20:470–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cho AS, Jeon SM, Kim MJ, Yeo J, Seo KI, Choi MS, Lee MK (2010) Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food Chem Toxicol 48:937–943

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cao H (2014) Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease. J Endocrinol 220:T47–T59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ochiai R, Chikama A, Kataoka K, Tokimitsu I, Maekawa Y, Ohishi M, Rakugi M, Mikami H (2009) Effects of hydroxyhydroquinone-reduced coffee on vasoreactivity and blood pressure. Hypertens Res 32:969–974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang Z, Hu G, Caballero B, Appel L, Chen L (2011) Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 93:1212–1219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Kusaura T, Okawa W, Kajihara Y, Saito I (2006) The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 28:439–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Saito I, Tsuchida T, Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Okawa W, Kajihara Y (2002) Effect of coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. Jpn J Med Pharm Sci 47:67–74

    Google Scholar 

  39. Suzuki A, Yamamoto N, Jokura H, Yamamoto M, Fujii A, Tokimitsu I et al (2006) Chlorogenic acid attenuates hypertension and improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 24:1065–107336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ochiai R, Jokura H, Suzuki A, Tokimitsu I, Ohishi M, Komai N, Rakugi H, Ogihara T (2004) Green coffee bean extract improves human vasoreactivity. Hypertens Res 27:731–737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Revuelta-Iniesta R, Al-Dujaili EA (2014) Consumption of green coffee reduces blood pressure and body composition by influencing 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity in healthy individuals: a pilot crossover study using green and black coffee. Biomed Res Int 2014:482704

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yamaguchi T, Chikama A, Mori K, Watanabe T, Shioya Y, Katsuragi Y, Tokimitsu I (2008) Hydroxyhydroquinone-free coffee: a double blind, randomized controlled dose-response study of blood pressure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:408–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Suzuki A, Fujii A, Yamamoto N, Yamamoto M, Ohminami H, Kameyama A, Shibuya Y, Nishizawa Y, Tokimitsu I, Saito I (2006) Improvement of hypertension and vascular dysfunction by hydroxyhydroquinone-free coffee in a genetic model of hypertension. FEBS Lett 580:2317–2322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. de Paulis T, Schmidt DE, Bruchey AK, Kirby MT, McDonald MP, Commers P, Lovinger DM, Martin PR (2002) Dicinnamoylquinides in roasted coffee inhibit the human adenosine transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 442:215–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Project AGL2010-18269 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity is acknowledged. We want to thank the volunteers who participated in the study and M. Jimenez and L. T. Cayuelas for their assistance in dietary records analysis. S.M.-L. thanks the Spanish National Research Council for her pre-doctoral fellowship under the JAE-Pre programme funded by the European Social Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beatriz Sarriá.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sarriá, B., Martínez-López, S., Sierra-Cinos, J.L. et al. Regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 57, 269–278 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1316-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1316-8

Keywords

Navigation