Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment

K. A. Kvenvolden; C. K. Cooper

doi:10.1007/s00367-003-0135-0

Geo-Marine Letters

December 2003, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp 140–146

Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment

Authors
Authors and affiliations

K. A. KvenvoldenEmail author
C. K. Cooper

Original

First Online:: 03 October 2003

Received:: 07 November 2002
Accepted:: 23 June 2003

DOI: 10.1007/s00367-003-0135-0

Cite this article as:: Kvenvolden, K.A. & Cooper, C.K. Geo-Mar Lett (2003) 23: 140. doi:10.1007/s00367-003-0135-0

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Abstract

Recent global estimates of crude-oil seepage rates suggest that about 47% of crude oil currently entering the marine environment is from natural seeps, whereas 53% results from leaks and spills during the extraction, transportation, refining, storage, and utilization of petroleum. The amount of natural crude-oil seepage is currently estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 to 2,000,000 metric tons per year. Thus, natural oil seeps may be the single most important source of oil that enters the ocean, exceeding each of the various sources of crude oil that enters the ocean through its exploitation by humankind.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. A. Kvenvolden
- 1
Email author
C. K. Cooper
- 2

1.U.S. Geological SurveyMS 999 Menlo ParkUSA
2.Chevron Petroleum Technology CompanySan RamonUSA

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Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment

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